handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

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Applications of Carbon Fibers 201 or more types of carbon fiber. For instance, a high-strength type might be selected to bear loads in one direction while a high-modulus type may be placed for high stiffness in another direction. An ample selection of carbon-fiber architecture is now available as a result of recent advances in sizing and weaving technology. However, a carbon fiber is inherently brittle and cannot be bent over a small radius without breaking. Consequently, the use of complicated weaving procedures such as knitting and braiding is limited. Carbon-fiber architecture can be divided into four categories: discrete, linear (continuous), laminar (two-dimensional weave), and integrated (threedimensional weave). The characteristics of each category are shown in Table9.1.M Table 9.1. Carbon-Fiber Architecture Type of Reinforcement Discrete Linear Laminar Integrated 2.2 Yarn and Roving Textile Construction Chopped fibers Filament yarn Simple fabric Advanced fabric Fiber Length Short Continuous Continuous Continuous Fiber Orientation Random Linear Planar 3D Fiber Weave None None 2D 3D A carbon-fiber yarn is an assembly of monofilaments held together by a twist. Yarns are usually composed of continuous filaments or, in some cases, of discrete filaments (stapie yarns). Woven fabrics are usually processed from yarns comprising several thousand monofilaments. A carbon fiber roving is a continuous fiber bundle with essentially no twist, usually containing more monofilaments than a yarn. 2.3 Discrete Fibers Discrete fibers (also known as chopped fibers) are short-length fibers (a few centimeters) which are generally randomly oriented. They are
202 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes usually low-strength and low-cost fibers in the form of felt or mat, with applications in special types of carbon-carbon and in high-temperature insulation (see Sees. 4.0 and 7.1 below). 2.4 Continuous Filaments Most carbon fibers are in the form of continuous filaments with a diameter averaging 10 ^m. They are applied unidirectionally (0°) by the processing techniques of filament winding and tape layup described in Ref. 2. Such unidirectional systems have the highest property-translation efficiency, i.e., the fraction of fiber properties translated into the composite. On the other hand, they have low interlaminate strength because of the lack of fibers in the thickness direction. 2.5 Laminar (2D Weaves) Woven carbon fibers are usually biaxial structures, woven at 0° and 90° (warp and fill) in three basic patterns: plain, satin, and twill. The highest frequency ofyarn interlacing isfound in the plain weave, followed by the twill and the satin weave. In the satin weave, the warp ends are woven over four fill yarns and under one (five-harness satin) or over seven and under one (eight-harness satin). The property translation efficiency is the highest in satin weave, followed by twill and plain weave. Fig. 9.2 shows the plain and twill weaves.! 4 ' Twill Weave Plain Weave Figure fi.2. Weaving patterns of biaxially woven fabrics.' 4 '
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HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
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Contents 1 Introduction and General
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xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
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xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
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xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
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xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
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xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
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Preface ix technology, processes, e
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2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
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10 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and F
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Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carb
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Vitreous Carbon 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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12 Natural and High-Pressure Synthe
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13 CVD Diamond 1.0 INTRODUCTION The
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15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
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Glossary Ablation: The removal of m
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Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
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Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
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vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
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