handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

xii Contents
5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 61
5.1 Electrical Resistivity 61
5.2 Resistivity and Temperature 61
6.0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 62
7.0 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 63
7.1 General Considerations 63
7.2 Summary of Chemical Properties 64
7.3 Reaction with Oxygen and Hydrogen 64
7.4 Reaction with Metals 66
7.5 Reaction with Halogens, Acids, and Alkalis 67
REFERENCES 68
4 Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carbonization
and Graphitization 70
1.0 TYPES OF SYNTHETIC CARBON AND GRAPHITE 70
1.1 Synthetic Graphite and Carbon Products 71
1.2 General Characteristics of Synthetic Graphite and Carbon... 71
2.0 THE CARBONIZATION (PYROLYSIS) PROCESS 72
2.1 Principle of Carbonization 72
2.2 Precursor Materials and Their Carbon Yield 73
2.3 Carbonization Mechanism of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 75
2.4 Carbonization of Polymers 78
3.0 THE GRAPHITIZATION PROCESS 80
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction of Graphitic Materials 80
3.2 Coke and Char 81
3.3 Graphitization of Coke-Former Hydrocarbons 81
3.4 Graphitization Mechanism of Cokes 82
3.5 Graphitization of Chars 84
REFERENCES 86
5 Molded Graphite: Processing, Properties,
and Applications 87
1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 87
2.0 PROCESSING OF MOLDED GRAPHITES 88
2.1 Raw Materials (Precursors) 88
2.2 Production Process 90
2.3 Carbonization, Graphitization, and Machining 95
3.0 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF MOLDED
GRAPHITE 96
3.1 Test Procedures and Standards 96
3.2 Density and Porosity 98
3.3 Effect of Particle (Grain) Size on Properties 99