handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Structure and Properties of Diamond 275 The by-product of the reaction is carbon dioxide which, being a gas, provides no surface passivation. A fresh diamond surface is always exposed and oxidation proceeds parabolically with temperature. Oxidation in air is less rapid with the onset of the reaction at approximately 500°C. Under normal conditions, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface of diamond after exposure to air (or oxygen) for a period of time. However, no adsorption occurs if the temperature is below -78°C. From 0 -144°C, oxygen is chemisorbed. CO2 is formed from 244 to 370°C by the interaction of O2 with the diamond surface. [24] Adsorbed oxygen and carbon oxides account for the hydrophillic characteristic of diamond. As mentioned in Sec. 10.4, the formation of surface oxides is also an important factor in the control of frictional properties. At 600°C and low pressure, the presence of residual oxygen results in the formation of a dense film of graphite. 11.2 Reaction with Hydrogen Like oxygen, hydrogen is chemisorbed on the surface of diamond but not until a temperature of 400°C is reached. This chemisorption is probably the result of the formation of surface hydrides. Diamond is generally considered inert to molecular hydrogen (as opposed to graphite). However attack by atomic hydrogen occurs above 1000°C. Yet diamond is far less reactive than graphite, a characteristic which is used to good advantage in the deposition of diamond films and the selective elimination of the codeposited graphite (see Ch. 13). 11.3 General Chemical Reactions Diamond is resistant to all liquid organic and inorganic acids at room temperature. However it can be etched by several compounds including strong oxidizers such as sodium and potassium nitrates above 500°C, by fluxes of sodium and potassium chlorates, and by molten hydroxides such asNaOH. It is resistant to alkalis and solvents. At approximately 1000°C, it reacts readily with carbide-forming metals such as Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Ta, and B. This characteristic provides the mechanism of high-pressure synthesis (see Ch. 12, Sec. 4.5). Generally speaking, diamond can be considered as one of the most-chemically resistant material.
276 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes REFERENCES 1. Nemanich, R. J., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A6(3):1783-1788 (May/June 1988) 2. Guy, A. G., Elements of Physical Metallurgy, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA (1959) 3. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA (1956) 4. Spear, K. E., J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 72(2):171 -191 (1989) 5. Eggers, D. F., Jr. and Halsey, G. D., Jr., Physical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1964) 6. Gardinier, C. F., Ceramic Bulletin, 67(6): 1006-1009 (1988) 7. Spear, K. E., Phelps, A. W. and White, W. B., J. Mater. Res., 5(11):2271-85(Nov. 1990) 8. Dawson, J. B., The Properties of Diamond, (J. E. Field, ed.), 539-554, Academic Press, London (1979) 9. Bundy, F. P. and Kasper, J. S., J. Chemical Physics, 46(9) (1967) 10. Angus, J. C, Diamond Optics, 969:2-13, SPIE, (1988) 11. Davies, G., Diamond, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, UK (1984) 12. Sellschrop, J. P., The Properties of Diamond, (J. E. Field, ed.), 108- 163, Academic Press, London (1979) 13. Berman, R., Properties of Diamond, (J. E. Field, ed.), 3-23, Academic Press, London (1979) 14. Singer, S., Diamond Optics, 969:168-177, SPIE, (1988) 15. Yazu S., Sato, S. and Fujimori, N., Diamond Optics, 969:117-123, SPIE (1988) 16. Seal M. and van Enckevort, W., Diamond Optics, (A. Feldman and S. Holly, eds.), 69:144-152, SPIE (1988) 17. Lettington, A. H., Applications ofDiamondFilms andRelatedMaterials, (Y. Tzeng, et al, eds.), 703-710, Elsevier Science Publishers (1991) 18. Kawarada, H., Jpn. J. ofApp. Physics, 27(4):683-6 (Apr. 1988) 19. Davies, G., Diamond Optics, (A. Feldman and S. Holly, eds.), 969:165-184, SPIE (1988)
Page 1 and 2:
HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
Page 3 and 4:
Contents 1 Introduction and General
Page 5 and 6:
xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
Page 7 and 8:
xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
Page 9 and 10:
xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
Page 11 and 12:
xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
Page 13 and 14:
xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
Page 15 and 16:
Preface ix technology, processes, e
Page 17 and 18:
2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
10 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and F
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carb
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
100 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Vitreous Carbon 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
8 Carbon Fibers 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Applications of Carbon Fibers 1.0 C
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240: 224 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and
Page 241 and 242: 10 Natural Graphite, Graphite Powde
Page 259 and 260: 11 Structure and Properties of Diam
Page 289: 274 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and
Page 293 and 294: 12 Natural and High-Pressure Synthe
Page 317 and 318: 13 CVD Diamond 1.0 INTRODUCTION The
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Glossary Ablation: The removal of m
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
Page 417:
vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
show all

handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?