handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

Contents xi
2 The Element Carbon 11
1.0 THE STRUCTURE OF THE CARBON ATOM 11
1.1 Carbon Allotropes and Compounds 11
1.2 The Structure of the Carbon Atom 13
1.3 Properties and Characteristics of the Carbon Atom 17
2.0 THE ISOTOPES OF CARBON 18
2.1 Characteristics of the Carbon Isotopes 18
2.2 Carbon Dating with Carbon-14 20
2.3 The 12 C and 13 C Isotopes 23
3.0 HYBRIDIZATION AND THE sp 3 CARBON BOND 23
3.1 The Carbon Bond 23
3.2 Hybridization of the Carbon Atom 25
3.3 The Carbon Covalent sp 3 Bond 30
4.0 THE TRIGONAL sp 2 AND DIGONAL sp CARBON BONDS 33
4.1 The Trigonal sp 2 Orbital 33
4.2 The Carbon Covalent sp 2 Bond 34
4.3 The Digonal-sp Orbital and the sp Bond 36
4.4 The Carbon-Hydrogen Bond 37
5.0 CARBON VAPOR MOLECULES 37
6.0 THE CARBON ALLOTROPES 40
6.1 The Carbon Phase Diagram 40
6.2 Allotropic Forms 41
6.3 The Fullerene Carbon Molecules 41
REFERENCES 42
3 Graphite Structure and Properties 43
1.0 THE STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE 43
1.1 General Considerations and Terminology 43
1.2 Structure of the Graphite Crystal 44
2.0 THE VARIOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE FORMS OF GRAPHITE ... 47
2.1 Polycrystalline Graphite 47
2.2 Crystallite Imperfections 48
3.0 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 50
3.1 Anisotropy of the Graphite Crystal 50
3.2 Summary of Physical Properties 50
3.3 Density 51
3.4 Melting, Sublimation, and Triple Point 51
3.5 Heat of Vaporization 52
4.0 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 54
4.1 Summary of Thermal Properties 54
4.2 Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) 54
4.3 Thermal Conductivity 56
4.4 Thermal Expansion 58