handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

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1.1 Historical Perspective CVD Diamond 303 As seen in Ch. 12, the high-pressure synthesis of diamond became an industrial reality in 1957 when General Electric started production. It was generally believed at that time in the U.S. that low-pressure synthesis was not feasible or at least not practical and early inconclusive work at Union Carbide and Case Western University were not actively followed.! 1 '! 2 ] In the former Soviet Union, a less skeptical attitude prevailed and a research program was aggressively pursued, particularly in the investigation of hydrocarbon-hydrogen pyrolysis and nucleation and growth mechanism of diamond. A milestone was the discovery by Soviet researchers of the role of atomic hydrogen in removing unwanted graphite but leaving diamond untouched (see Sec. 2.2). The need to increase the availability of atomic hydrogen soon became apparent and the Soviets developed various methods to achieve that end, such as electric discharge and heated filaments.! 3 ]"! 5 ' The Soviet successes were largely ignored in the U.S. but not so in Japan where they triggered considerable interest. The Japanese, underthe leadership of the National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials (NIRIM), started a large, well-coordinated scientific effort sponsored by government agencies, universities, and industry. Japan is still a leader in this technology, and research and development in the former Soviet Union is also continuing on an important scale. In the U.S. interest is now high and the technology is developing at a fast rate, with leadership found in universities (particularly Pennsylvania State and North Carolina State) and in many industrial organizations.! 6 ' Some of the major historical developments of CVD diamond are summarized in Table 13.1. 1.2 CVD-Diamond Coatings At the present, CVD diamond is produced in the form of coatings. In this respect, it is similar to pyrolytic graphite (see Ch. 7, Sec. 1.3). These coatings can alter the surface properties of a given substrate as shown in Table 13.2. This table may be compared to Table 7.1 of Ch. 7 in which the critical properties of pyrolytic graphite coatings are listed. Coatings with athickness of 1 mm or more are now routinely produced. After removing the substrate, a free-standing shape remains with good integrity and properties similar to single-crystal diamond as reviewed in Sec. 5.6.
304 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes Table 13.1. Chronology of Major Developments of CVD Diamond 1950's Early work on low-pressure synthesis mostly at Union Carbide, Case Western, and in the Soviet Union 1955 First production of high-pressure synthetic diamond in Sweden, the U.S. and the Soviet Union 1956- Continuing development of low pressure synthesis present by Derjaguin and others in the Soviet Union 1974- NIRIM and other Japanese laboratories develop present high growth rate by CVD process 1985 Consortium formed at Pennsylvania State University to promote diamond research in the U.S. 1988 Development of diamond tweeter diaphragm by Sumitomo Electric 1989 Development of diamond-coated boring and drilling tools by Mitsubishi Metals 1992 Commercial production of free-standing shapes up to 1 mm thick by Norton, General Electric, and others Table 13.2. Material Properties Affected by CVD-Diamond Coatings Electrical Optical Mechanical Chemical Resistivity Dielectric constant Refraction Emissivity Reflectivity Selective absorption Wear Friction Hardness Adhesion Toughness Strength Corrosion resistance
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HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
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Contents 1 Introduction and General
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xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
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xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
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xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
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xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
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xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
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Preface ix technology, processes, e
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2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
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10 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and F
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Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carb
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100 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and
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Vitreous Carbon 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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8 Carbon Fibers 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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Applications of Carbon Fibers 1.0 C
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10 Natural Graphite, Graphite Powde
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11 Structure and Properties of Diam
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15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
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Glossary Ablation: The removal of m
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Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
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Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
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vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
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