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CVD Diamond 325 high cost of the crystals. CVD diamond, on the other hand, offers a broader potential since size, and eventually cost, are less of a limitation. It also opens the door to applications that would take full advantage of the intrinsic properties of diamond in such areas as semiconductors, lasers, optics, optoelectronics, wear and corrosion coatings, and others. To estimate a market would be no more than a guessing game since few applications at this time (1993) have reached the commercial stage and there is no historical background in patterns of growth and market size to buttress any predictions. Some actual and potential applications of CVD diamond are listed in Table 13.7.e°H32] In the following sections, several typical applications are described. Table 13.7. Actual and Potential Applications of CVD Diamond Grinding, cutting: Wear parts: Acoustical: Diffusion, corrosion: Optical coatings: Photonic devices: Thermal management: Semiconductor: Inserts Twist drills Whetstones Industrial knives Circuit-board drills Bearings Jet-nozzle coatings Slurry valves Extrusion dies Abrasive pump seals Computer disk coatings Speaker diaphragms Crucibles Ion barriers (sodium) Laser protection Fiber optics X-ray windows Radiation detectors Heat-sink diodes Heat-sink PC boards High-power transistors High-power microwave Photovoltaic elements Oil drilling tools Slitter blades Surgical scalpels Saws Engine parts Medical implants Ball bearings Drawing dies Textile machinery Fiber coatings Reaction vessels Antireflection UV to IR windows Radomes Switches Thermal printers Target heat-sinks Field-effect transistors UV sensors
326 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes 5.2 Grinding, Cutting, and Wear Applications CVD-diamond coatings provide excellent protection against chemical and physical abrasion and wear due to their great hardness and wear resistance, good lubricating properties, and their general chemical inertness. As such, they may find a niche in cutting and grinding applications, where they would be essentially in direct competition with single-crystal diamonds (see Ch. 12, Sec. 5.2). Single crystals have to be bonded to a substrate in a separate operation and that, coupled with their high cost, limits their general use in tooling (see Ch. 12). CVD-diamond coatings may provide a cheaper solution once the adhesion problem is solved satisfactorily. As mentioned in Sec. 4.5, polycrystalline materials do not show the wear anisotropy characteristic of single-crystal diamond and from that standpoint are better performers. Substrate Materials. Cemented tungsten carbide (WC) is a major substrate cutting tool material. It has been successfully coated with CVD diamond with good adhesion especially with an intermediate carbideformer layerJ 44 !^ 46 ! Another tool material is silicon nitride which, when coated with CVD diamond, performed well in the machining of Al-Si alloys. These alloys are very abrasive and are usually machined with bonded polycrystalline diamond (PCD) (see Ch. 12, Sec. 5.2). The diamond-coated inserts have the advantage due to the availability of multiple edges on each insert J 46 ! The high deposition temperature (- 1000°C) of CVD diamond may exclude deposition on substrates such as high-speed steels for drill bits and cutting tools J 48 ' These steels would lose their hardness and strength during processing and in order to coat them, a process must be developed that will keep the deposition temperature below 600°C. 5.3 Thermionic Applications A diamond-coated cylinder of refractory metal (Nb, Mo, W, or Re) may replace the cylindrical ceramic insulators used in thermionic fuel elements (TFE) for space nuclear-power systems. A TFE converts the thermal energy from a nuclear reaction into electrical energy and is designed to provide power to a spacecraft for as long as ten years. The unique properties of diamond would prevent power loss due to electrical leakage
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HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
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Contents 1 Introduction and General
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xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
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xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
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xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
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xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
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xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
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Preface ix technology, processes, e
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2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
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10 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and F
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Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carb
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100 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and
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Vitreous Carbon 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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8 Carbon Fibers 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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Applications of Carbon Fibers 1.0 C
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10 Natural Graphite, Graphite Powde
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11 Structure and Properties of Diam
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Page 371 and 372: 15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
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Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
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Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
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vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
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