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4.5 Mechanical Applications Molded Graphite 117 Fine-grain, high-density, and low-porosity molded graphite is extensively used for bearings and seals, particularly in high-temperature applications (up to 600°C) where conventional liquid lubricants degrade rapidly. It has excellent lubricating and frictional properties (reviewed in Sec. 2.5 above), it is chemically resistant, its high thermal conductivity helps dissipate the heat generated by rubbing action and, at high temperature (>500°C), its compressive strength is superior to that of most other engineering materials. However molded graphite cannot be used to seal materials that would attack it chemically, such as aqua regia, perchloric acid, and oleum (fuming sutfuric acid) (see Ch. 3, Sec. 7.0). Sealing failure may also occur with abrasive materials such as chromic acid, chromic oxide, chrome plating compounds, potassium dichromate, sodium chromate, and sodium dichro- The following is a partial list of current commercial applications of bearings and seals: • Seal rings for gas-turbine engines to protect compressorshaft bearing and engine oil system for 600°C gases, at rubbing speed of 150 m/s and 10,000 hours service. • Seal rings in chemical pumps for corrosive-fluid transfer with a rubbing speed of 15 m/s, operating up to 100°C for 10,000 hours. • Seal rings for water pumps of industrial and truck diesel engine, operating at 120°C and 0.18 N/mm 2 (25 psi) for20,000 hours. • Seals rings for automobile freon air compressor for air conditioning, operating up to 1.75 N/mm 2 (250 psi) and 93°C. • Seal rings for home washing machine and dishwasher water pumps, operating at 0.28 N/mm 2 and to 66°C for 10 years • O-rings for cylinder heads of race-car engines Other mechanical applications of molded graphite include glass-lehr roll bearings, roller bearings for jet-engine exhaust nozzles, metering seats for gasoline pumps, vane pumps for air compressors, rupture disks, and many others.
118 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes A specialized group of applications is found in aerospace systems which include rocket nozzles and reentry nose cones (shown in Fig. 5.16) where the performance of molded graphite has been excellent, due to its high-temperature strength and resistance to erosion and thermal-shock (see Ch. 9) . Figure 5.16. Graphite reentry nose cone. (Photograph courtesy Sign Great Lakes Gorp., Niagara Falls, NY.) 4.6 Chemical Applications I n addition to the seal applications mentioned above, molded graphite has many applications in areas where chemical resistance is the major factor. Such applications are found in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, steam jets, chemical-vapor deposition equipment, and cathodic-protection anodes for pipelines, oil rigs, DC-power lines, and highway and building construction.
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HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
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Contents 1 Introduction and General
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xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
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xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
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xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
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xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
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xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
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Preface ix technology, processes, e
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2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
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15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
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Glossary Ablation: The removal of m
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Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
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Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
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vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
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