Simmentaler Joernaal 2013.indb

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Simmentaler - Feed the World Wetenskaplik | Scientific 70 Is better health possible with Simmentaler crossbred cows? The fats in our diet can have a significant impact on our health status and consist of various components. Amongst these components, fatty acids have been extensively researched and are classified according to their chemical structure, namely the saturate, monounsaturate and polyunsaturate classes, dependent on the number of carbon-to-carbon double bonds (Figure 1). The polyunsaturated fatty acids in turn consist of four families, the omega-9, ( -9 or n-9), omega-7, ( -7 or A-7), omega-6 ( -6 or n- 6) and omega-3 ( -3 or n-3), determined by the position of the carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Of these, the omega-6 and -3 families are essential because they cannot be produced by the human body and must therefore be provided by the food we eat. These fatty acids are essential for healthy growth and development, brain function, blood circulation, vision, water balance and a healthy immune system. Research indicates that a balanced intake of omega-6 and -3 fatty acids are essential for the human body’s health. Currently our “Western diet” mostly consists of the omega-6 fatty acids, disturbing the balance between the two fatty acid families. This imbalance has been associated with certain diet-related diseases, such as an increased risk for heart attacks and strokes, hypertension, depression, cognitive problems, certain inflammatory diseases (i.e. arthritis) and certain skin conditions and cancers. A higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids can protect people against many health risks and therefore have a favorable effect on these diseases, such as a reduction in blood cholesterol Research indicates that a balanced intake of omega-6 and -3 fatty acids are essential for the human body’s health. levels. The omega-3 fatty acids can strengthen the immune system and protect against many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Omega-3 fatty acids is a collective name for several fatty acids, including alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), found in natural food commodities and derived products. ALA is present in certain nuts such as walnuts; seeds such as pumpkin and linseed/flaxseed; oils such as canola and linseed/flaxseed oil, and some fruits and vegetables such as broccoli, cantaloupe, spinach, Chinese cabbage and cauliflower. EPA and DHA are found in fish (herring, mackerel, sturgeon, anchovies/ sardines, tuna) and fish-derived oils such as salmon oil. The dietary recommended intake for EPA and DHA is two to three servings of fish per week. The most common omega-6 fatty acids are linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), found in foods such as eggs, red meat, poultry, cereals, certain vegetable oils (especially corn, safflower, sunflower and sesame oils), fried foods and some margarines. This fatty acid family is very abundant in the Western-style diet. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, Figure 2), naturally derived from LA by bacteria in ruminants such as cows, is associated with improving health and weight loss. Monounsaturated fats, mainly represented by the omega-9 fatty acid family, are also considered as good because they have no adverse effect on a person’s health and may have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Olive oil, which consists of 80% oleic acid, is at the top of the list of healthy monounsaturated fatty acids, together with avocados. The best olive oil with regards to flavour and nutritional value is cold-pressed and unrefined, also known as the extra virgin olive oil type, and is from a single source and not mixed with other types of oils. Saturated fatty acids, widely regarded as unhealthy and to be avoided, are found in animal fats (fatty meat products, processed meat), coconut and certain palm oils, also used in many commercially made biscuits and crackers. However, research has shown that not all foods that contain saturated fatty acids are unhealthy. Epidemiological studies indicate that milk, with a 60% saturated fatty acid content, is not associated with heart disease. Instead, milk can be regarded as an important source of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, B2, B12, D and K and calcium and magnesium. Commercial trans fatty acids, related to the saturated fatty acids by chemical effects in the human body, have been associated with an unhealthy life-style and can contribute to cardiovascular disease. These fatty acids are present in hard margarines and over utilised cooking oils. They are also artificially produced from natural polyunsaturated fatty acids in the production of certain foodstuffs, such as biscuits and pastries, to provide food stability for a longer shelf life. Legislation in South Africa, however, regulates the levels of these fatty acids in food, and caters to replace them with healthier alternatives.
Braams feedlot trial (Thys Swart) Braams Feedlot (Western Cape) did a trial with 47 animals in November 2007. There were 3 groups: Pure Fleckvieh, Fleckvieh/Holstein (F x HF) crosses and Fleckvieh/Jersey (F x J) crosses. They found that the growth rate of the Fleckvieh x Jersey steers equals the average growth of all beef breeds in South Africa. In the past no feedlot dared to buy any animals with Jersey blood, but Fleckvieh/Jersey crosses have a growth of 1,62 kg per day and a dressing percentage of more than 53 %. Farmers who sell these crosses as weaners to feedlots earn R 12 per kg for 6 month old calves with a weight of about 200 kg. This means an extra income of almost R 2.500 for each cow that produced a bull calf. Pure Jersey bull calves have no economic beef value at all. In the past they were donated to a crocodile and Cheetah ranch to feed the animals. Statistics by the National Research Centre for Agriculture and Fishery in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany, taken from a trial with bulls from seven breeds, show the following points of interest for dairy farmers who produce weaners: The 200-day weights were: Simmentaler/ Fleckvieh 280,8 kg; Charalois 255,1 kg; Hereford 254,2 kg; Limousine 223,3 kg; Angus 215,7 kg; Red Holstein 186,5 kg; Holstein 184,8 kg. The average weight gain from birth to 200-days was: Simmentaler/Fleckvieh 1199 g; Hereford 1106 g; Charalois 1054 g; Angus 915 g; Limousine 910 g; Holstein 729 g; Red Holstein 739 g. For feedlot owners the following is of interest: Dry matter intake on 32 5kg live weight per 100 kg live weight: Simmentaler/Fleckvieh 2,04 kg; Limousine 2,03 kg; Hereford 2,06 kg; Charalois 2,15 kg; Holstein 2,22 kg; Angus 2,22 kg; Red Holstein 2,28 kg. Slaughter weight on 530 days: Simmentaler/ Fleckvieh 413 kg; Charalois 412 kg; Limousine 386,1 kg; Hereford 362,6 kg; Angus 356,6 kg; Red Holstein 323,2 kg; Holstein 316,7 kg. Muscling: Simmentaler/Fleckvieh 7; Limousine 6,7; Charalois 6,6; Angus 6,1; Hereford 6; Red Holstein 5,2; Holstein 4,4. For the consumer the following is of interest: Sheer resistance: Angus 5,58; Holstein 5,95; Hereford 5,97; Red Holstein 6,07; Simmentaler/ Fleckvieh 6,23; Charalois 6,3; Limousine 7,18. South African figures, according to the Agricultural Research Centre, are as follows: 205-day weight (male and female): Simmentaler 240 kg; Charalois 232 kg; Limousine 223 kg; Angus 215 kg; Hereford 204 kg.Weight gain gram/day: Simmentaler 978 g; Charalois 934 g; Limousine 907 g; Angus 881 g; Hereford 810 g.
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