OSMANLI VİLAYET SALNAMELERİNDE HALEP - orsam

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ORSAM Osmanl Vilayet Salnamelerinde Halep___________________________________________________________ 14 19. Yüzyl Sonlar Halep ehri Son dönemlerde kent tarihi üzerine yaplan çalmalardan bir ksmnda da, Grunebaum’un ortaya att slam ehri teorisinin temelini oluturan ve slam ehrini belirleyen yegâne ögenin dinsel faktörler olmad, tek tip bir slam kenti modeli oluturmaktansa, kentin oluumunda bölgesel özelliklerin ve kültürlerin göz önünde bulundurulmas gerektii ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalmalardan biri 1985’te yaymlanan ve bundan 10 yl sonra Türkçe’ye çevrilen André Raymond’un çalmasdr 4. Raymond, eserinde teorik çerçevede slam kenti modeline, Halep, am, Kahire gibi Ortadou’daki belli bal Osmanl kentleri örneklerinden yola çkarak eletiriler getirmektedir. Faroqhi de tek tip bir slam kenti modelinden ziyade, farkl bölgelerde farkl kent tipolojilerinin oluacan Ankara ve Kayseri’deki konut yaplarndan yola çkarak ortaya koymaya çalmtr 5. Bu balamda, Osmanl kentine baktmzda, bu alanda yapt ciddi çalmalaryla tannan Özer Ergenç’e göre, Osmanl kenti bir sentezdir ve bu sentezde slami ögeleri ve Orta Asya Türk uygarlnn izlerini bulmak mümkündür 6. Özetle Weberci yaklama kar çkan tarihçiler, Osmanl kentlerinin kendilerine has ehir tiplerinin, özgüllüklerinin olduunu, bununla birlikte Avrupa kenti ya da Osmanl kenti, slam kenti tanmlamalaryla dier uygarlklarn kentlerini deerlendirmenin mümkün olmadn savunmulardr. 4 André Raymond, Osmanl Döneminde Arap Kentleri, Tarih Vakf Yurt Yaynlar, 2. Bsk., stanbul 2000; ayrca bu çalma üzerine yaplm bir deerlendirme için bkz. N. Bilge Özel, “André Raymond: Arap ehir Tarihinde Bir Dönüm Noktas”, Türkiye Aratrmalar Literatür Dergisi: Türk ehir Tarihi, 3/6, 2005, s.571-587. 5 Suraija Faroqhi, Men of Modest Substance: House Owners and House Property in Seventeenth- Century Ankara and Kayseri, Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1987, p.220-221. 6 Özer Ergenç, Osmanl Klasik Dönemi Kent Tarihçiliine Katk: XVI. Yüzylda Ankara ve Konya, Ankara Enstitüsü Vakf Yaynlar, Ankara 1995, s.48.
OSMANLI VİLAYET SALNAMELERİNDE HALEP ___________________________________________________________________________________ 15 19. Yüzyl Sonlarnda Halep Kalesi Girii Böylesi bir arka plan olan kent tarihçiliinin, hem Avrupa tarihinde hem de Osmanl tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olduu bilinen bir gerçektir. Her ne kadar hâlâ Türkiye’de kent tarihi çalmalar bir bilim dal haline gelememise de, özellikle 60’l yllardan itibaren bugüne kadar yaplan çalmalar göz ard edilemeyecek kadar önemlidir. Özellikle stanbul, Kahire, am, Halep 7 gibi Osmanl’nn büyük ölçekli kentleri hakknda oldukça kapsaml çalmalara sahibiz. Ankara, zmir, Bursa gibi orta ölçekli kentler hakknda da çok deerli eserler meydana getirilmitir. Daha küçük ölçekli kentler hakkndaki bilgilerimiz ise, henüz doyurucu düzeylere ulamamtr. Yaplan kent tarihi çalmalarna bakldnda 8, genellikle kaynak grubu olarak seyahatnamelerin, salnamelerin, tahrirlerin, sicillerin ve vekayinamelerin kullanld görülmektedir. Osmanl klasik dönemini konu alan kent tarihi monografileri, genellikle sicil ve tahrir verileri üzerinden ele alnmtr. Seyahatnameler hariç, dier ariv malzemesinin resmî kurumlar tarafndan hazrland dikkate 7 Halep hakknda yaplm belli bal çalmalar için bkz. J. Sauvaget, "Halep", A, V/1, s.117-122; J. Sauvaget, “Halab”, Encyclopedia of Islam, III, 85a; Margaret L. Venzke, The Sixteenth Century Ottoman Sanjaq of Aleppo: A Study of Provencial Taxation, Baslmam Doktora Tezi, Columbia University, New York 1981; Abraham Marcus, The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity-Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century, Columbia University Press, New York 1989; Bruce Masters, “Halep”, DA, 15, stanbul 1997, s.244-247; Masters, Bruce, “Halep: Osmanl mparatorluu’nun Kervan Kenti”, Dou ile Bat Arasnda Osmanl Kenti, Tarih Vakf Yurt Yaynlar, stanbul 2000, s.19-87; Enver Çakar, XVI. Yüzylda Haleb Sanca (1516-1566), Elaz 2003. Ayrca Haleb’in ünlü örf (idarî-askerî) görevlileri ile er‘î (adlî-idarî) yetkilileri ve hatta airlerinin hal tercümelerinin yer ald 13. yüzylda kaleme alnan bir kitap için bkz. Kemâl al-Dîn brahim al-‘Adîm, Bugyat at-Talab fî Tarîh Halab, Yaynlayan: Ali Sevim, TTK Basmevi, Ankara 1976. 8 Bugüne kadar yaplm Anadolu kentleri hakkndaki bir deerlendirme için bkz. Mehmet Öz, “Osmanl Klasik Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri”, Türkiye Aratrmalar Literatür Dergisi: Türk ehir Tarihi, 3/6, 2005, s.57-88; Osmanl dönemi Arap kentleri üzerine yaplm eserleri deerlendiren bir çalma için bkz. Nelly Hanna, “Osmanl Dönemi Arap ehir Tarihi Üzerine Bir nceleme”, Türkiye Aratrmalar Literatür Dergisi: Türk ehir Tarihi, Çeviren: Mustafa Macit Karagözolu, 3/6, 2005, s.103-116.
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