vgbe energy journal 11 (2022) - International Journal for Generation and Storage of Electricity and Heat

World Energy Outlook 2022 – Summary
including heatwaves, droughts, extreme
cold and extreme weather events, have
strained electricity grids and caused outages
around the world. The evolving electricity
mix is likely to improve some aspects of climate
resilience but exacerbate others.
The electricity sector emitted 13 gigatonnes
of carbon dioxide (Gt CO 2 ) in 2021, accounting
for over one-third of global energy-related
CO 2 emissions. Electricity sector CO 2
emissions peak in the near future in all our
scenarios, with steep reductions of 40 % in
the STEPS and over 80 % in the APS by 2050.
In the NZE Scenario, net emissions from
electricity reach zero by 2040. In advanced
economies, electricity sector emissions have
been declining since 2007, with a temporary
rise in 2021 due to the recovery from Covid-19,
and fall by 5 % per year in the STEPS
and 14 % in the APS. In emerging market and
developing economies, emissions peak soon
and then decline by over 1 % annually in the
STEPS to 2050 and 6 % in the APS. Higher
electricity sector investment enables these
reductions, rising from an annual average of
USD 860 billion in 2017-2021 to about USD
1.2 trillion in 2022-2050 in the STEPS, USD
1.6 trillion in the APS and USD 2.1 trillion in
the NZE Scenario.
System flexibility is the cornerstone of electricity
security. Changing demand patterns
and rising solar PV and wind shares double
flexibility needs in the APS by 2030 and increase
them almost fourfold by 2050. Flexibility
needs also rise rapidly in the STEPS,
where they more than triple by 2050. Today,
power system flexibility is mainly provided
by unabated coal, natural gas and hydro, but
tomorrow’s systems will rely increasingly
on batteries, demand response, bioenergy
and other dispatchable renewables, fossil
fuels with carbon capture, hydrogen and
ammonia.
Electricity networks are the backbone of
electricity systems, and need to expand and
modernise to support energy transitions. Total
grid lengths increase by about 90 % from
2021 to 2050 in the STEPS, and another
30 % in the APS. Annual investment rises in
the STEPS from around USD 300 billion in
recent years to USD 550 billion by 2030 and
averages USD 580 billion per year to 2050.
In the APS, investment rises further to USD
630 billion in 2030 and USD 830 billion in
2050. However, complex projects can take a
decade or more to deliver, which is twice as
long in most cases as developing solar PV,
wind or electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
Long-term planning is vital and must
account for, among other things, demand
growth, increasing amounts of variable renewables,
as well as opportunities for digitalisation.
Critical mineral demand linked to the electricity
sector is set to rise from 7 Mt per year
in 2021 to reach 11 Mt in 2030 and 13 Mt in
2050 in the STEPS as a result of increasing
deployment of renewables, battery storage
and networks. It grows much faster in the
APS and NZE Scenario, reaching 20 Mt per
year by 2050. Copper for grids, silicon for
solar PV, rare earth elements for wind turbine
motors and lithium for battery storage
will be pivotal; critical minerals are a key
component of the energy and electricity security
landscape. Additional R&D is needed
to reduce mineral intensity and enable mineral
substitution in key applications, along
with recycling, reuse of electric vehicle batteries
and end-user energy efficiency measures.
Reference
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook
2022 (November 2022 revised version).
www.iea.org
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VGB-Standard
Part 41: Power to Gas | Teil 41: Power to Gas
Application Guideline
Anwendungsrichtlinie
VGB-Standard
VGB-S-823-41-2018-07-EN-DE. German/English edition 2018
DIN A4, 160 pages, Price for Members of vgbe* € 280.–, for Non-Members € 420.–, + VAT, ship ping and hand ling
The complete RDS-PP ® covers additionally the publications VGB-S-821-00-2016-06-EN and VGB-B 102;
the VGB-B 108 d/e and VGB-S-891-00-2012-06-DE-EN are recommended.
For efficient project planning, development, construction, operation and maintenance of any industrial
plant, it is helpful to structure the respective plant and assign clear and unambiguous alphanumeric
codes to all assemblies and components. A good designation system reflects closely the structure of
the plant and the interaction of its individual parts.
The designation supports, among others, an economic engineering of the plant as well as a cost-optimized
procurement because parts with similar requirements can be identified much easier and early
on. For operation and maintenance (O&M) a clear designation serves as an unambiguous address for
O&M management systems.
RDS-PP ®
Application Guideline
Part 41: Power to Gas
Anwendungsrichtlinie
Teil 41: Power to Gas
VGB-S-823-41-2018-07-EN-DE
Some international standards for the designation of industrial plants and its documentation exist already, in particular the series of
ISO/IEC 81346. The designation system called “Reference Designation System (RDS)” bases on these standards and can generally
be applied to all industrial plants.
For power plants, the sector specific standard ISO/TS 81346-10 was developed and constitutes the normative basis for the
“Reference Designation System for Power Plants” RDS-PP ® .
This sector specific standard covers the application for all engineering disciplines and for all types of plants of the energy supply sector.
This document covers the rules of the
RDS-PP designation system for the Power to Gas plants.
This guideline provides detailed specifications for the reference designation of plant parts that are specific to Power to Gas plants
(e.g. Electrolyzer, Methanation system).
For the designation of plant parts that vary from project to project, the guideline provides general guidance illustrated by examples,
which has to be applied correspondingly to the specific case. This applies in particular to auxiliary and ancillary systems.
* Access for eBooks (PDF files) is included in the membership fees for Ordinary Members (operators, plant owners) of vgbe energy e.V.
vgbe energy journal 11 · 2022 | 81