EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Strandings may represent a significant threat to the conservation and recovery of the Cook Inlet beluga whale population. Gaydos et al., (2004a) identified 16 infectious agents in free-ranging and captive southern resident killer whales, but concluded that none of these pathogens were known to have high potential to cause epizootics. Many of these same infectious agents could pose a problem for Cook Inlet beluga whales. At this time little information is available to date to suggest bacterial or viral agents are actively contributing to the decline in the Cook Inlet population. About 80% of Cook Inlet beluga whales examined, however, have evidence of the parasite Crassicauda giliakiana in the kidneys, although it is presently unclear whether the parasite is affecting the status of the population (NMFS 2008b). Necropsies have also revealed infestations of the common nematode anasakids, or whaleworm in the stomach of adult Cook Inlet beluga whales. While the parasite tends to favor the stomach and can cause gastritis or ulcerations, the infestations in beluga whales has not been considered severe enough to have caused clinical responses (NMFS 2008b). Liver trematodes have also been identified in at least one beluga whale. At present, NMFS has no information to suggest that parasites are having a measureable impact on the survival and health of the Cook Inlet whale population (NMFS 2008b). Anthropogenic Threats. Human induced threats to Cook Inlet beluga whales include subsistence harvest, poaching and illegal harvest, incidental take during commercial fishing and reduction of prey through fishing harvests, pollution, oil and gas development, urban development, vessel traffic including from tourism and whale watching, noise, as well as research activities directed at beluga whales. During the early 1900s there was a short-lived commercial whaling company, The Beluga Whaling Company, which operated at the Beluga River in upper Cook Inlet. The Company during its 5 years of operation harvest 151 belugas from 1917-1921 (Mahoney and Shelden 2000). Another commercial hunt of beluga whales in 1930s is recollected by residents, but no record of the hunt exists in Alaska fishery and fur seal documents (as cited in Mahoney and Shelden 2000). In 1999 and 2000 there was a voluntary moratorium on subsistence harvest. Thereafter, subsistence harvests have been conducted under co-management agreements. Since 2000, no more than 2 beluga whales have been taken in subsistence harvests in any one year (NMFS 2008b). Commercial fisheries likely have varying levels of interactions with Cook Inlet beluga whales, according to the timing, gear types, targeted species and location of activities (NMFS 2008b). Reports of fatal interactions with commercial fisheries have been noted in the literature (Hobbs et al. 2008). Direct interactions with fishing vessels and nets are considered unusual, based on observer data and unlikely to inhibit the recovery of Cook Inlet beluga whales. The reduction of prey species, however, is of more concern for the species. In 2000 NMFS recommended the closing of the eulachon fishery due to a lack of understanding of how this fishery interfered with beluga whale feeding, but in 2005 this fishery was reopened with a harvest limited at 100 tons of eulachon. Currently, it is unclear if fishery harvest of prey species is having a significant impact on the beluga whale population. Impacts from recreational fisheries, which are very popular in the region, likely include the reduction of fish prey species particularly salmonid species and also the harassment from noise and risk of injury from vessel strikes from the operation of small watercraft in the estuarine/river mouths (NMFS 2008b). 174
Contaminants in beluga whales are of concern for both whale health and the health of subsistence users. Tissue samples are regularly collected from subsistence harvested and stranded beluga whales and archived. Tissues and organs commonly collected include blubber, liver and kidneys, as well as muscle, heart, bone, skin and brain. Blubber is the most commonly collected; due to the lipid content it typically contains the most lipophilic substances (Becker 2000). The kidney and liver are used to analyze heavy metal compounds. Relatively high levels of PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and mercury are evident in beluga whales, although the more contaminated belugas are from the St. Lawrence River, Canada (Becker 2000). Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in Cook Inlet beluga whales range from 0.1-2.4 µg/g, w.w. DDT, 0.6- 4.7 µg/g, w.w. PCB, 0.1-0.6 µg/g, w.w. chlordane,
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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Page 134 and 135: Movement, growth, and reproduction
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Page 138 and 139: 1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
Page 140 and 141: Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
Page 142 and 143: Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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Page 146 and 147: Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
Page 148 and 149: Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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Page 154 and 155: Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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Page 160 and 161: During each annual spawning event,
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Page 166 and 167: Natural threats The primary natural
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Page 194 and 195: Natural threats The overriding thre
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Page 198 and 199: than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Page 202 and 203: Natural threats Natural pressures e
Page 204 and 205: Black abalone have also experienced
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Page 212 and 213: another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
Page 214 and 215: Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
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(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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estimate whether those discharges h
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analyzed due to a lack of resources
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concentration calculated for the hy
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Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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methodologies and understanding of
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traditionally requires applying dat
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In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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The VGP requires that vessel operat
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justified the application of signif
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Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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population and a competitor could e
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Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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is incidental to and not intended a
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minimize or avoid adverse effects o
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Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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acidification causes bleaching and
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State University, Arcada, Californi
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and high-use areas of western Pacif
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
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Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
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HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
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trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
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Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
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Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
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San Juan archipelago. Washington De
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Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
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American Meteorological Society 78:
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and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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