EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Authorized Discharge Non-Oily Machinery Wastewater Seawater Piping Biofouling Prevention Seawater Cooling Overboard Discharge Sonar Dome Discharge Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Elevator Pit Effluent Graywater Mixed with Sewage Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Brine Firemain Systems Graywater Graywater Not applicable to VGP Solid and Liquid Waste Management Deck Washdown and Runoff and Above Water Line Hull Cleaning Deck Washdown and Runoff and Above Water Line Hull Cleaning The decision process EPA followed in its selection of which discharges to analyze for risk in the BE was based on the relative number of vessels releasing the discharge, the volume of the discharge, and the potential risk posed by the concentration and constituents of that discharge. The following sections briefly describes each discharge selected for evaluation in the BE. This is followed with a table summarizing those discharges not evaluated in the BE and EPAs decision process for each. Anti-Fouling Leachate from Anti-Fouling Hull Coatings. Anti-fouling coatings are applied to the vessel hull and seawater piping systems to limit attachment of aquatic species. Virtually all vessels that are permanently kept in saltwater use anti-fouling coatings. Biocides such as copper contained in anti-fouling coatings continuously leach into surrounding waters. EPA analyzed the risk of this discharge in its BE due to the high number of vessels discharging, the large volume and frequency of discharges, along with the potentially high risk posed by the concentration and types of pollutant discharged. In its supplement to the BE, EPA estimates pollutant loadings from antifouling coatings (Table 7). Table 7. Copper loading AFC of various vessel service classes Vessel Type Average Vessel Length (ft) Estimated Vessel Draft (ft) Wetted Hull Area (ft2) Average Copper Leaching Rate Barges 175a 10d 3,500 (μg/cm2/day)j 10.5 0.075n Oil and Gas Tankers 797b 75e 10.5 2.6 Large Commercial Fishing Vessels 250a 17f 120,257 8,500 10.5 0.18 Large Cruise Ships 995c 28g 55,706 10.5 1.2 Estimated CopperLeaching Rate (lbs/day/vessel) 242
Large Ferries 200a 15.5h 6,200 10.5 0.13 Medium Cruise Ships 325a 15.5h 10,075 10.5 0.22 Bulk Cargo and Other Carriers 663b 38i 50,355 10.5 1.1 Small Commercial Fishing Vessels Passenger Vessels (tour boats, water taxis, etc.) Utility Vessels (tug boats, offshore vessels, etc.) 33k 4l 264 10.5 0.0057 45k 4m 360 10.5 0.0077 50k 4m 400 10.5 0.0086 a) Average length estimated from Figure 1.3 of USEPA’s Report to Congress (USEPA, 2010). b) Average length for oil tankers and bulk cargo carriers from Chamber of Shipping of America, MSD Survey, 2010. c) Average cruise ship length calculated from the following cruise ships: Carnival Freedom, Disy Magic, Golden Princess and Freedom of the Sea. d) Estimated draft for barges based on Barge Number 4727, Ingram, Nashville, TN. e) Estimated draft for oil and gas tankers based on a Suezmax tanker, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/tankers.html f) Estimated draft for large commercial fishing boats based on trawlers, http://maritimesales.com/fishing%20vessels.htm g) Estimated draft for large cruise ships based on Royal Caribbean Freedom of the Seas. h) Estimated draft for large ferries and medium cruise ships based on Washington State Department of Transportation’s M/V Sealth, passenger/auto ferry. i) Estimated draft for bulk cargo vessels based on Golden Pegasus Navigation S.A High Glow vessel. j) Average copper leaching rate from USEPA Underwater Ship Husbandry Discharges, (USEPA, 2011f). k) Average length estimated from Figure 1.5 of USEPA’s Report to Congress (USEPA, 2010). l) Estimated draft for small commercial fishing boats 30 to 40 feet in length, http://pacificboatbrokers.com/fishing/licvess.asp. m) Estimated draft for various passenger and utility vessels, http://www.taxi-boat.com/, http://commercial.apolloduck.com/, http://allmandboats.com/. n) Per EPA’s Notice of Intent database, very few barges use anti-fouling coatings. EPA assumes these barges are engaged in coastwise trade of bulk cargo. Bilgewater. Bilgewater is generated by all vessels and consists of water and other residue that accumulates in a compartment of the vessel’s hull. The source of bilgewater is typically drainage from interior machinery, engine rooms, and from deck drainage. EPA analyzed the risk of this discharge in its BE due to the high number of vessels discharging, the large volume and frequency of discharges, along with the potentially high risk posed by the concentration and types of pollutant discharged. The amount of bilgewater generated by a vessel varies based on vessel size, age, and the amount below-deck mechanical systems; discharges typically occur several times per week (Table 8). Cruise ship bilgewater volumes are estimated at 25,000 gallons per week (3,570 gal/day) (USEPA 2008). Bilgewater discharges from fishing vessels are estimated to range from a few gallons per day up to 750 gallons/day (USEPA 2010b). Bilgewater water discharges rates for tour boats are approximately 11 gallons/day (0.04 m3/day) and for water taxis are approximately 34 gallons/day (0.13 m3/day). Tow and salvage boats discharge approximately 37 gallons/day (0.139 m3/day) of bilgewater (USEPA 2010b). To estimate bilgewater flow rates for medium cruise ships, large ferries, barges, cargo/bulk carriers, and oil tankers, EPA compared the vessel gross tons (see Table 3-1) to large cruise ships and multiplied by the bilgewater generation rate 243
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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Page 202 and 203: Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Page 214 and 215: Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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Page 244 and 245: While there are many examples of fr
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Page 250 and 251: for large cruise ships. The example
Page 252 and 253: EPA used information for commercial
Page 254 and 255: Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Page 258 and 259: Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Page 266 and 267: Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Page 284 and 285: mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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Page 290 and 291: from large cruise vessels. The sour
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
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(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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estimate whether those discharges h
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analyzed due to a lack of resources
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concentration calculated for the hy
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Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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methodologies and understanding of
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traditionally requires applying dat
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In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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The VGP requires that vessel operat
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justified the application of signif
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Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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population and a competitor could e
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Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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is incidental to and not intended a
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minimize or avoid adverse effects o
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Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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acidification causes bleaching and
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State University, Arcada, Californi
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and high-use areas of western Pacif
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
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Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
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HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
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trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
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Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
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Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
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San Juan archipelago. Washington De
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Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
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American Meteorological Society 78:
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and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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