EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:17442-17446. Antonelis Jr., G. A. and C. H. Fiscus. 1980. The pinnipeds of the California Current. CalCOFI Report 21:68-78. Armstrong, J. D., F. A. Huntingford, and N. A. Herbert. 1999. Individual space use strategies of wild juvenile Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 55:1201-1212. Asper, E. D., W. G. Young, and M. T. Walsh. 1988. Observations on the birth and development of a captive-born killer whale (Orcinus orca). International Zoo Yearbook 27:295-304. Atema, J. 1995. Chemical signals in the marine-environment - dispersal, detection, and temporal signal analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:62-66. Ault, J. S. 1985. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fisheries and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest)-- black, green, and red abalones. TR EL- 82-4, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers. Ault, J. S. and J. D. Martini. 1987. Movement, and dispersion of the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in northern California. California Fish and Game 73:196-213. Avens, L., J. C. Taylor, L. R. Goshe, T. T. Jones, and M. Hastings. 2009. Use of skeletochronological analysis to estimate the age of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the western North Atlantic. Endangered Species Research 8:165-177. Baatrup, E. 1991. Structural and functional-effects of heavy-metals on the nervous-system, including sense-organs, of fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C- Pharmacology Toxicology & Endocrinology 100:253-257. Babcock, R. and H. Keesing. 1999. Fertilization biology of the abalone Haliotis laevigata: Laboratory and field studies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 56:1668- 1678. Baggett, L. S. and T. J. Bright. 1985. Coral recruitment at the East Flower Garden Reef. Proceeding of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress 4:379-384. Bailey, K. M. and E. D. Houde. 1989. Predation on eggs and larvae of marine fishes and the recruitment problem. Advances in Marine Biology 25:1-83. Bain, D. 1990. Examining the validity of inferences drawn from photo-identification data, with special reference to studies of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 12:93-100. Bain, D. E. and M. E. Dahlheim. 1994. Effects of masking noise on detection thresholds of killer whales. Pages 243-256 in T. R. Loughlin, editor. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez. Academic Press, San Diego, California. Bain, M. B., E. R. Cornwell, K. M. Hope, G. E. Eckerlin, R. N. Casey, G. H. Groocock, R. G. Getchell, P. R. Bowser, J. R. Winton, W. N. Batts, A. Cangelosi, and J. W. Casey. 2010. Distribution of an Invasive Aquatic Pathogen (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) in the Great Lakes and Its Relationship to Shipping. PLoS One 5:-. 336
Bain, M. B., N. Haley, D. Peterson, K. K. Arend, K. E. Mills, and P. J. Sullivan. 2000. Shortnose sturgeon of the Hudson River: an endangered species recovery success. Page 14 20th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, St. Louis, MO. Baird, A. H., V. R. Cumbo, W. Leggat, and M. Rodriguez-Lanetty. 2007. Fidelity and flexibility in coral symbioses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347:307-309. Baird, R. W. 2000. The Killer Whale. Pages 127-153 in J. Mann, R. Conner, P. L. Tyack, and H. Whitehead, editors. Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. . University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Baird, R. W., M. B. Hanson, E. E. Ashe, M. R. Heithaus, and G. J. Marshall. 2003. Studies of foraging in "Southern Resident" killer whales during July 2002: dive depths, bursts in speed, and the use of a "crittercam" system for examining sub-surface behavior. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, WA. Baird, R. W., M. B. Hanson, and L. M. Dill. 2005. Factors influencing the diving behaviour of fish-eating killer whales: sex differences and diel and interannual variation in diving rates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:257-267. Bak, R. P. M. 1977. Coral reefs and their zonation in the Netherland Antilles. AAPG Studies of Geology 4:3-16. Bak, R. P. M. and S. R. Criens. 1982. Survival after fragmentation of colonies of Madracis mirabilis, Acropora palmata, and A. cervicornis (Scleractinia) and the subsequent impact of a coral disease. Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium 1:221-227. Baker, C. S. 2008. geneSPLASH: An initial, ocean-wide survey of mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity and population structure among humpback whales in the North Pacific. Baker, C. S., L. Florez-Gonzalez, B. Abernethy, H. C. Rosenbaum, R. Slade, J. Capella, and J. L. Bannister. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA variation and maternal gene flow among humpback whales of the Southern Hemisphere. Marine Mammal Science 14:721-737. Baker, C. S., S. R. Palumbi, R. H. Lambertsen, M. T. Weinrich, J. Calambokidis, and S. J. O'Brien. 1990. Influence of seasonal migration on geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in humpback whales. Nature 344:238-240. Balazs, G. H. and M. Chaloupka. 2004. Thirty-year recovery trend in the once depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock. Biological Conservation 117:491-498. Baldwin, D. H., C. P. Tatara, and N. L. Scholz. 2011. Copper-induced olfactory toxicity in salmon and steelhead: Extrapolation across species and rearing environments. Aquatic Toxicology 101:295-297. Baldwin, R. M. 1992. Nesting turtles on Masirah Island: Management issues, options, and research requirements. Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment, Oman. Baraff, L. and M. T. Weinrich. 1993. Separation of humpback whale mothers and calves on a feeding ground in early autumn. Marine Mammal Science 9:431-434. Barnhart, R. A. 1986. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest): Steelhead. TR-EL-82-4/82-11-60, Humboldt 337
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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Page 294 and 295: physiological damage to the recepto
Page 296 and 297: the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
Page 298 and 299: on reproduction and survival would
Page 300 and 301: Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
Page 302 and 303: metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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Page 306 and 307: than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
Page 308 and 309: A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
Page 312 and 313: estimate whether those discharges h
Page 314 and 315: analyzed due to a lack of resources
Page 316 and 317: concentration calculated for the hy
Page 318 and 319: Annually, EPA will collect and revi
Page 320 and 321: methodologies and understanding of
Page 322 and 323: traditionally requires applying dat
Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
Page 326 and 327: The VGP requires that vessel operat
Page 328 and 329: justified the application of signif
Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
Page 332 and 333: population and a competitor could e
Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
Page 336 and 337: is incidental to and not intended a
Page 338 and 339: minimize or avoid adverse effects o
Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347: and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349: Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
Page 350 and 351: (Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
Page 352 and 353: Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
Page 354 and 355: River-specific target spawning requ
Page 356 and 357: pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
Page 358 and 359: comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
Page 360 and 361: Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
Page 362 and 363: Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
Page 364 and 365: (Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367: Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369: London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389: Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391: Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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