EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris. 2007. Distribution and abundance of Halophila johnsonii in the Indian River Lagoon: An update. Technical Memorandum # 51. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida. Virnstein, R. W., L. J. Morris, J. D. Miller, and R. Miller-Myers. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Halophila johnsonii in the Indian River Lagoon. Technical Memorandum # 24. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida. Vollmer, S. 2002. Genetics of Acropora cervicornis. Pages 163-164 in A. W. Bruckner, editor. Caribbean Acropora workshop: Potential application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a conservation strategy. Vollmer, S. V. and S. R. Palumbi. 2007. Restricted gene flow in the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: Implications for the recovery of endangered reefs. Journal of Heredity 98:40-50. Wagemann, R., S. Innes, and P. R. Richard. 1996. Overview and regional and temporal differences of heavy metals in Arctic whales and ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic. Science of the Total Environment 186:41-66. Waldron, K. D. 1968. Early larvae of the canary rockfish, Sebastodes pinniger. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25:801-803. Walker, L. A., L. Cornell, K. D. Dahl, N. M. Czekala, C. M. Dargen, B. Joseph, A. J. W. Hsueh, and B. L. Lasley*. 1988. Urinary concentrations of ovarian steroid hormone metabolites and bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone in killer whales (Orcinus orca) during ovarian cycles and pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 39:1013-1020. Wallace, B. P., L. Avens, J. Braun-McNeill, and C. M. McClellan. 2009. The diet composition of immature loggerheads: Insights on trophic niche, growth rates, and fisheries interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:50-57. Wallace, B. P., S. S. Kilham, F. V. Paladino, and J. R. Spotila. 2006. Energy budget calculations indicate resource limitation in Eastern Pacific leatherback turtles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318:263-270. Wallace, B. P., P. R. Sotherland, P. S. Tomillo, R. D. Reina, J. R. Spotila, and F. V. Paladino. 2007. Maternal investment in reproduction and its consequences in leatherback turtles. Oecologia 152:37-47. Wallace, J. R. 2001. Status of the yelloweye rockfish resource in 2001 for northern California and Oregon waters. Washignton Department of Fish and Wildlife, Montesano, Washignton. Wallace, J. R. 2007. Update to the status of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) off the U.S. West Coast in 2007. Pacific Fishery Management Council, Portland, Oregon. Wang, N., C. G. Ingersoll, I. E. Greer, D. K. Hardesty, C. D. Ivey, J. L. Kunz, W. G. Brumbaugh, E. J. Dwyer, A. D. Roberts, T. Augspurger, C. M. Kane, R. J. Neves, and M. C. Barnhart. 2007a. Chronic toxicity of copper and ammonia to juvenile freshwater mussels (Unionidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:2048-2056. 410
Wang, N., C. G. Ingersoll, D. K. Hardesty, C. D. Ivey, J. L. Kunz, T. W. May, F. J. Dwyer, A. D. Roberts, T. Augspurger, C. M. Kane, R. J. Neves, and C. Barnhart. 2007b. Acute toxicity of copper, ammonia, and chlorine to glochidia and juveniles of freshwater mussels (Unionidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:2036-2047. Wang, N., C. Mebane, J. Kunz, C. Ingersoll, W. Brumbaugh, R. Santore, J. Gorsuch, and W. Arnold. 2011. Influence of dissolved organic carbon on toxicity of copper to a unionid mussel (Villosa iris) and a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia) in acute and chronic water exposures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30:2115-2125. Wang, Y., W. L. Kang, S. G. Xin, and W. Q. Xing. 2009. Analysis Study of Trace Elements in Abalone and Sea Cucumber. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 29:511-514. Waples, R. and P. Clapham. 2004. Report of the working group on killer whales as a case study. La Jolla, California. Waples, R. S., P. B. Aebersold, and G. A. Winans. 1997. Population genetic structure and life history variability in Oncorhynchus nerka from the Snake River basin. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract No. 1993BP05326, Project No. 199306800. BPA Report DOE/BP-05326-1. Waples, R. S., O. W. Johnson, and R.P. Jones, Jr. 1991. Status review for Snake River sockeye salmon. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-195. Ward, E. J., K. Parsons, E. E. Holmes, K. C. B. III, and J. K. B. Ford. 2009. The role of menopause and reproductive senescence in a long-lived social mammal. Frontiers in Zoology 6. Waring, C. P. and A. Moore. 1998. Mechanistic effects of a triazine pesticide on reproductive endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 62:41-50. Washington, P. M., R. Gowan, and D. H. Ito. 1978. A biological report on eight species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from Puget Sound, Washington. National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington. Watkins, W. A. and W. E. Schevill. 1976. Right whale feeding and baleen rattle. Journal of Mammalogy 57:58-66. Watkins, W. A. and W. E. Schevill. 1979. Aerial observation of feeding behavior in four baleen whales: Eubalaena glacialis, Balaenoptera borealis, Megaptera novaeangliae, and Balaenoptera physalus. Journal of Mammalogy 60:155-163. Watt, W. D. 1981. Present and potential effects of acid precipitation on the Atlantic salmon of eastern Canada. International. Atlantic Salmon Foundation Special Publication 10:39-46. Watt, W. D., C. D. Scott, and W. J. White. 1983. Evidence of acidification of some Nova Scotian rivers and its impact on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:462-473. Watt, W. D., C. D. Scott, P. J. Zamora, and W. J. White. 2000. Acid toxicity levels in Nova 411
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
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(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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estimate whether those discharges h
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analyzed due to a lack of resources
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concentration calculated for the hy
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Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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methodologies and understanding of
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traditionally requires applying dat
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In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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The VGP requires that vessel operat
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justified the application of signif
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Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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population and a competitor could e
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Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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is incidental to and not intended a
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minimize or avoid adverse effects o
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Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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acidification causes bleaching and
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State University, Arcada, Californi
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and high-use areas of western Pacif
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367: Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369: London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389: Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391: Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
Page 392 and 393: offshore waters of the North Pacifi
Page 394 and 395: NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
Page 396 and 397: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
Page 398 and 399: pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
Page 400 and 401: (Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
Page 402 and 403: T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
Page 404 and 405: Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
Page 406 and 407: 36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
Page 408 and 409: idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
Page 410 and 411: Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
Page 412 and 413: Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
Page 414 and 415: Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
Page 418 and 419: Scotian Rivers have not declined in
Page 420 and 421: Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
Page 422 and 423: under the Endangered Species Act. W
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