EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B. Ford, and A. W. Trites. 2002a. Behavioural responses of male killer whales to a ‘leapfrogging’ vessel. Journal of Cetacean Research, and Management 4:305-310. Williams, R., A. W. Trites, and D. E. Bain. 2002b. Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology 256:255-270. Williams, S. L. 2007. Introduced species in seagrass ecosystems: Status and concerns. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350:89-110. Willson, M. F., R. H. Armstrong, M. C. Hermans, and K. Koski. 2006. Eulachon: a review of biology and an annotated bibliography. Auke Bay Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska. Wilson, J. Y., S. R. Cooke, M. J. Moore, D. Martineau, I. Mikaelian, D. A. Metner, W. L. Lockhart, and J. J. Stegeman. 2005. Systemic effects of arctic pollutants in Beluga whales indicated by CYP1A1 expression. Environmental Health Perspectives 113:1594-1599. Wing, B. L. 1977. Salmon food observations. Pages 20-27 in: Southeast Alaska troll log book program: 1976 scientific report. Alaska Sea Grant Report 77-11. Winn, H. E., J. D. Goodyear, R. D. Kenney, and R. O. Petricig. 1995. Dive patterns of tagged right whales in the Great South Channel. Continental Shelf Research 15:593-611. Winn, H. E., C. A. Price, and P. W. Sorensen. 1986. The distributional biology of the right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic. Report of the International Whaling Commission:129-138. Winn, H. E. and N. E. Reichley. 1985. Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781). Handbook of Marine Mammals. Volume 3: The Sirenians and Baleen Whales. Sam H. Ridway and Sir Richard Harrison, eds. p.241-273. Wirgin, I., C. Grunwald, E. Carlson, J. Stabile, D. L. Peterson, and J. Waldman. 2005. Rangewide population structure of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum based on sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Estuaries 28:16. Wirth, M., F. Kirschbaum, J. Gessner, A. Kruger, N. Patriche, and R. Billard. 2000. Chemical and biochemical composition of caviar from different sturgeon species and origins. Nahrung-Food 44:233-237. Wise, J. P., S. S. Wise, S. Kraus, F. Shaffiey, M. Grau, T. L. Chen, C. Perkins, W. D. Thompson, T. Zheng, Y. Zhang, T. Romano, and T. O’Hara. 2008. Hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and testes fibroblasts. Mutation Research 650:30–38. Wishard, L. N., F. M. Utter, and D. R. Gunderson. 1980. Stock separation of five rockfish species using naturally occurring biochemical genetic markers. Marine Fisheries Review 42:64-73. Wishner, K., E. Durbin, A. Durbin, M. Macaulay, H. Winn, and R. Kenney. 1988. Copepod patches and right whales in the Great South Channel off New England. Bulletin of 414
Marine Science 43:825-844. Witherington, B. E. 1992. Behavioral responses of nesting sea turtles to artificial lighting. Herpetologica 48:31-39. Witherington, B. E. and K. A. Bjorndal. 1991. Influences of artificial lighting on the seaward orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta. Biological Conservation 55:139-149. Witherington, B. E., R. Herren, and M. Bresette. 2006. Caretta caretta – Loggerhead Sea Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 3:74-89. Witt, M. J., E. Augowet Bonguno, A. C. Broderick, M. S. Coyne, A. Formia, A. Gibudi, G. A. Mounguengui Mounguengui, C. Moussounda, N. S. M, S. Nougessono, R. J. Parnell, G. P. Sounguet, S. Verhage, and B. J. Godley. 2011. Tracking leatherback turtles from the world's largest rookery: assessing threats across the South Atlantic. Proc Biol Sci 278:2338-2347. Witt, M. J., B. Baert, A. C. Broderick, A. Formia, J. Fretey, A. Gibudi, G. A. M. Mounguengui, C. Moussounda, S. Ngouessono, R. J. Parnell, D. Roumet, G. P. Sounguet, B. Verhage, A. Zogo, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Aerial surveying of the world's largest leatherback turtle rookery: A more effective methodology for large-scale monitoring. Biological Conservation 142:1719-1727. Witzell, W. N. 1981. Predation on Juvenile Green Sea Turtles, Chelonia mydas , By a Grouper, Promicrops lanceolatus (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science. Vol. 31:no. 4. Wonham, M. J., J. T. Carlton, G. M. Ruiz, and L. D. Smith. 2000. Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions. Marine Biology 136:1111-1121. Wood, C. M. and E. S. VanVleet. 1996. Copper, cadmium and zinc in liver, kidney and muscle tissues of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:886-889. Woodbury, D. and S. Ralston. 1991. Interannual variation in growth rates and back-calculated birth-date distributions of pelagic juvenile rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) off the central California coast. Fishery Bulletin 89:523-533. Woodley, T. H., M. W. Brown, S. D. Kraus, and D. E. Gaskin. 1991. Organochlorine levels in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) blubber. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:141-145. Woody, K., A. Atkinson, R. Clark, C. Jeffrey, I. Lundgren, J. Miller, M. Monaco, E. Muller, M. Patterson, C. Rogers, T. Smith, T. Spitzak, R. Waara, K. Whelan, B. Witcher, and A. Wright. 2008. Coral Bleaching in the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2005 and 2006. Pages 68-72 in C. Wilkinson and D. Souter, editors. Status of Caribbean Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Center. Wright, S. 1999. Petition to list eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus as threatened or endangered 415
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
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(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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estimate whether those discharges h
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analyzed due to a lack of resources
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concentration calculated for the hy
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Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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methodologies and understanding of
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traditionally requires applying dat
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In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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The VGP requires that vessel operat
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justified the application of signif
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Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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population and a competitor could e
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Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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is incidental to and not intended a
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minimize or avoid adverse effects o
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Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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acidification causes bleaching and
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State University, Arcada, Californi
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and high-use areas of western Pacif
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389: Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391: Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
Page 392 and 393: offshore waters of the North Pacifi
Page 394 and 395: NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
Page 396 and 397: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
Page 398 and 399: pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
Page 400 and 401: (Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
Page 402 and 403: T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
Page 404 and 405: Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
Page 406 and 407: 36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
Page 408 and 409: idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
Page 410 and 411: Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
Page 412 and 413: Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
Page 414 and 415: Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
Page 416 and 417: Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
Page 418 and 419: Scotian Rivers have not declined in
Page 422 and 423: under the Endangered Species Act. W
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