EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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minimize or avoid adverse effects of a proposed action on ESA-listed species or critical habitat, to help implement recovery plans, or to develop information. The following conservation recommendations would provide information for future consultation involving EPA’s issuance and implementation of VGPs: 1. Review more stringent ballast water, hull fouling, and hull husbandry requirements of States and other nations to evaluate their practicability for incorporation in future permits. 2. Begin information ESA Section 7 consultation (“preconsultation”) well in advance of the publishing the draft permits in the Federal Register for public comment. This will allow EPA to incorporate recommended actions designed to protect listed resources into its permits at an early stage and receive public comment on these actions. In order to keep NMFS’ Endangered Species Division informed of actions minimizing or avoiding adverse effects, or benefiting ESA-listed species or their habitats, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should notify the Endangered Species Division of any conservation recommendations they implement in their final action. Reinitiation Notice This concludes formal consultation on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s issuance of the Vessel General Permit and the Small Vessel General Permit. As provided in 50 CFR 402.16, reinitiation of formal consultation is required where discretionary Federal agency involvement or control over the action has been retained (or is authorized by law) and if: (1) New information reveals effects of the agency action that may affect endangered or threatened species under NMFS’ jurisdiction or to designated critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not considered in this Opinion (e.g. if EPA were to fail to execute the monitoring and reporting or other commitments it made during ESA Section 7 consultation which are cited in this Biological Opinion as partial justification for NMFS’ determination that the proposed action would not jeopardize any ESA-listed endangered or threatened species under NMFS’ jurisdiction or destroy or adversely modify any critical habitat that has been designated for those species); (2) The agency action is subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the ESA-listed species or critical habitat not considered in this Opinion; (3) A new species is listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected by the action; or (4) The amount or extent of take specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded. In instances where the amount or extent of take specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency must immediately request reinitiation of Section 7 consultation. 332
Literature Cited Holland America Line and Hamworthy – Krystallon. 2010. Sea water scrubber technology demonstration project on the MS Zaandam. Final report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Puget Sound Action Team, 2007. State of the Sound 2007. Office of the Governor, State of Washington. Olympia, Washington. Abrego, D., K. E. Ulstrup, B. L. Willis, and M. J. H. v. Oppen. 2010. Species–specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Part B 275:2273- 2282. Abrego, D., M. J. H. Van Oppen, and B. L. Willis. 2009. Onset of algal endosymbiont specificity varies among closely related species of Acropora corals during early ontogeny. Molecular Ecology 18:3532-3543. Acropora Biological Review Team. 2005. Atlantic Acropora Status Review Document. Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Miami, Florida. Adams, P. B., C. Grimes, J. E. Hightower, S. T. Lindley, M. L. Moser, and M. J. Parsley. 2007. Population status of North American green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris. Environmental Biology of Fishes 79:339-356. Adams, P. B., C. B. Grimes, J. E. Hightower, S. T. Lindley, and M. L. Moser. 2002. Status Review for the North American green sturgeon. NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California. Adams, W. F. and C. Wilson. 1995. The status of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata Latham 1794 (Pristiformes: Pristidae) in the United States. Chondros 6:1-5. ADEC. 2002. The impact of cruise ship wastewater discharge on Alaska waters. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Commercial Passenger Vessel Environmental Compliance Program. ADEC. 2006. Commercial Passenger Vessel Compliance Program 2006 Small Ship Wastewater Sampling Results. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. ADEC. 2007. Commercial Passenger Vessel Compliance Program 2007 Small Ship Wastewater Sampling Results. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Adey, W. H. 1977. Shallow water Holocene bioherms of the Caribbean Sea and West Indies. Pages xxi-xxiii in The 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium 333
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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Page 300 and 301: Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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Page 308 and 309: A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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Page 318 and 319: Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
Page 332 and 333: population and a competitor could e
Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
Page 336 and 337: is incidental to and not intended a
Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
Page 342 and 343: acidification causes bleaching and
Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347: and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349: Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
Page 350 and 351: (Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
Page 352 and 353: Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
Page 354 and 355: River-specific target spawning requ
Page 356 and 357: pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
Page 358 and 359: comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
Page 360 and 361: Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
Page 362 and 363: Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
Page 364 and 365: (Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367: Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369: London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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