EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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River-specific target spawning requirements for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on a generalized smolt production model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:246-261. Chen, T. L., C. LaCerte, S. S. Wise, A. Holmes, J. Martino, J. P. Wise, and W. D. Thompson. 2012. Comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin cells. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 155:143-150. Chen, T. L., S. S. Wise, S. Kraus, F. Shaffiey, K. M. Levine, W. D. Thompson, T. Romano, T. O'Hara, and S. John Pierce Wise. 2009. Particulate hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and skin fibroblasts. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 50:387-393. Chew, K. K. 1990. Global bivalve shellfish introductions. World Aquaculture 21:9-22. Christensen, I., W. Perrin, R. Brownell, and I. Demaster. 1984. Growth and reproduction of killer whales, (Orcinus orca), in Norwegian coastal waters. Report, International Whaling Commission (special issue) 6:253-258. Christensen, J., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, R. Held, R. Jones, R. Kolli, W. Kwon, and R. Laprise. 2007. Regional climate projections, Climate Change, 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. University Press, Cambridge. Ciguarria, J. and R. Elston. 1997. Independent introduction of Bonamia ostreae, a parasite of Ostrea edulis, to Spain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 29:157-158. Clapham, P. J. 1992. Age at attainment of sexual maturity in humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1470-1472. Clapham, P. J. 1996. The social and reproductive biology of humpback whales: an ecological perspective. Mammal Review 26:27-49. Clapham, P. J. 2002. Are ship-strikes mortalities affecting the recovery of the endangered whale populations off North America? European Cetacean Society Newsletter (special issue) 40:13–15. Clapham, P. J. and C. A. Mayo. 1987. Reproduction and recruitment of individually identified humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, observed in Massachusetts Bay, 1979-1985. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:2853-2863. Clapham, P. J. and C. A. Mayo. 1990. Reproduction of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) observed in the Gulf of Maine. Report of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue 12:171-175. Clark, G. H. 1929. Sacramento-San Joaquin salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) fishery of California. . Fish Bulletin 17. Clarke, A. D., A. Lewis, K. H. Telmer, and J. M. Shrimpton. 2007. Life history and age at maturity of an anadromous smelt, the eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson). Journal of Fish Biology 71:1479-1493. 348
Clavero, M. and E. Garcia-Berthou. 2005. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends Ecol Evol 20:110. Clemens, W. A., J. L. Hart, and G. V. Wilby. 1936. Analysis of stomach contents of fur seals taken off the west coast of Vancouver Island in April and May, 1935. Canadian Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Clemens, W. A. and G. V. Wilby. 1961. Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2nd edition. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Cohen, A. 2010. Non-native bacterial and viral pathogens in ballast water: Potential for impacts to ESA-listed species under NOAA’s jurisdiction. NMFS. Cohen, A. and K. Webb. 2002. Biological Invasions in Aquatic Ecosystems: Impacts on Restoration and Potential for Control. Cohen, A. N. and J. T. Carlton. 1995. Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Cole, T. V. N., D. L. Hartley, and R. L. Merrick. 2005. Mortality and serious injury determinations for large whales stocks along the eastern seaboard of the United States, 1999-2003. NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center 05-08. Collard, S. B. 1990. Leatherback turtles feeding near a watermass boundary in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Turtle Newsletter 50:12-14. Collins, M. R. and T. I. J. Smith. 1993. Characteristics of the adult segment of the Savannah River population of shortnose sturgeon. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 47:485-491. Colway, C. and D. E. Stevenson. 2007. Confirmed records of two green sturgeon from the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 88:188-192. Compagno, L. J. V. and S. F. Cook. 1995. The exploitation and conservation of freshwater elasmobranches: Status of taxa and prospects for the future. Journal of Aquaculture and Aquatic Science 7:62-90. Connell, J. H., S. C. Schroeter, and S. Swarbrick. 1988. Variations at different scales of time and space on intertidal shores. Page 3 in The marine environment of Santa Barbara and its coastal waters: A symposium workshop Connor, W. P., J. G. Sneva, K. F. Tiffan, R. K. Steinhorst, and D. Ross. 2005. Two alternative juvenile life history types for fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134. Coombs, C. I. 1979. Reef fishes near Depoe Bay, Oregon: movement and the recreational fishery. Oregon State University. COSEWIC. 2005. COSEWIC Assessment and update status report on the shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada. COSEWIC, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Canada. COSEWIC. in press. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the canary rockfish Sebastes 349
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
Page 304 and 305: increased levels of suspended sedim
Page 306 and 307: than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
Page 308 and 309: A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
Page 312 and 313: estimate whether those discharges h
Page 314 and 315: analyzed due to a lack of resources
Page 316 and 317: concentration calculated for the hy
Page 318 and 319: Annually, EPA will collect and revi
Page 320 and 321: methodologies and understanding of
Page 322 and 323: traditionally requires applying dat
Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
Page 326 and 327: The VGP requires that vessel operat
Page 328 and 329: justified the application of signif
Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
Page 332 and 333: population and a competitor could e
Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
Page 336 and 337: is incidental to and not intended a
Page 338 and 339: minimize or avoid adverse effects o
Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
Page 342 and 343: acidification causes bleaching and
Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347: and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349: Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
Page 350 and 351: (Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
Page 352 and 353: Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
Page 356 and 357: pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
Page 358 and 359: comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
Page 360 and 361: Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
Page 362 and 363: Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
Page 364 and 365: (Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367: Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369: London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389: Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391: Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
Page 392 and 393: offshore waters of the North Pacifi
Page 394 and 395: NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
Page 396 and 397: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
Page 398 and 399: pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
Page 400 and 401: (Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
Page 402 and 403: T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
Page 420 and 421:
Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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