EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Table 33. Application of the Ecosystem-scale approach a) estimate tissue concentrations of selenium from water concentrations predicted from vessel discharges and b) calculating risk quotients for sensitive fish and bird species (adapted from Presser and Luoma 2010a&b) Percentage of vessels with EGS 1 Se conc. in EGS discharge 1 Max Se concentration in RAA Harbors (ug/L) 1 Fish ECT (Insect food web) (ug/g dw) Fish ECT (clam food web) (ug/g dw) Bird ECT (clam food web) (ug/g dw) Adult Female sturgeon EC10 (larval Risk Quotients (ECT/EC10 or NEC) edema and skeletal defects)=8.1ug/g dw Juvenile salmon whole body EC10 (mortality)=1.8 ug/g dw Generic insect-eating fish whole-body NEC=5.0 ug/g dw Bird (scoter and scaup) egg EC10(hatchability)=7.7 ug/g dw San Francisco Bay-Delta Original BE estimate 10 100 2.39 42.6 260.0 614.6 32.1 23.7 8.5 79.8 Revised estimate - scenario A 1 14.5 0.035 0.6 3.8 9.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.2 Revised estimate - scenario B 1 31.2 0.075 1.3 8.2 19.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 2.5 Hypothetical Estuary Original BE estimate 10 100 2.39 10.3 49.3 80.7 6.09 5.70 2.05 10.48 Revised estimate - scenario A 1 14.5 0.035 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.15 Revised estimate- scenario B 1 31.2 0.075 0.3 1.5 2.5 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.33 1 data from Addendum to EPAs BE 294
Classical Pollutants Classical pollutants combine several standard water quality parameters such as conductivity, salinity, temperature, pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), etc. along with other parameters EPA defined as conventional pollutants such as total suspended solids (TSS) and total residual chlorine (TRC). In the BE, EPA limited its analysis to TRC and TSS. EPA also stated that only those pollutants with toxic effects (i.e., TRC) to aquatic and aquatic-dependent species lend themselves to analysis of quantitative effects. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) BOD is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to oxidize organic matter present in water. Bacteria working to decompose organic matter consume oxygen in the process, exerting an oxygen demand in wastewater and receiving waters, thereby depressing dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in water, there will be substantial demand for oxygen, resulting in a high BOD and the associated potential to depress DO concentrations in receiving waters. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline. Vessel discharges that exert relatively high oxygen demand include fish hold effluent, bilgewater, deckwash and graywater. BOD levels in these discharges exceed the screening level benchmark for wastewater discharges of 30 mg/L 12 by at least an order of magnitude. Although BOD is highest in fish hold effluent, averaging 840 mg/L, the net oxygen demand only accounts for less than 3% of a the total organic matter discharge from a fishing vessel. Due to its greater volume, graywater accounts for 90% or more of a vessel’s organic matter discharge even though BOD levels are barely over half that of fish hold effluent, averaging 430 mg/L. Deck washdown and bilge water BOD levels are 430 and 190 mg/L, respectively and account for less than 0-6% of a vessels organic matter discharge, depending on service class. EPA estimated post permit BOD in the estuarine harbor model averaged 0.16 mg/L and ranged from 0.005 to 0.68 mg/L, suggesting a 16 to 26 percent reduction in organic material discharged. For the river harbor model, EPA's average estimated post permit BOD was 4.17 mg/L and ranged from 0.0459 to 9.11 mg/L, suggesting a 1 to 9 percent reduction in organic material discharged. The implications of BOD loading on dissolved oxygen in receiving waters were not evaluated by EPA. However, organic enrichment and oxygen depletion is the fourth most common cause for impairment among 303(d) listed waters. Nearly 4,250 waters of the United States are listed with this impairment, with about 550 of them marine environments (388 miles of coastline and 3000 square miles of ocean, bays and estuaries). Low dissolved oxygen alters biological assemblages and the food webs of which they are a part. The oxygen status of water also influences biologically mediated environmental fate processes of pollutants like mercury methylation and 12 The screening level benchmark for BOD is based on the 1984 secondary treatment limit for publically owned treatment works (see 49 FR 37006, Sept. 20, 1984). 295
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
Page 250 and 251: for large cruise ships. The example
Page 252 and 253: EPA used information for commercial
Page 254 and 255: Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
Page 256 and 257: Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
Page 258 and 259: Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Page 266 and 267: Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Page 270 and 271: Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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Page 274 and 275: Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Page 284 and 285: mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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Page 288 and 289: species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
Page 290 and 291: from large cruise vessels. The sour
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Page 294 and 295: physiological damage to the recepto
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Page 308 and 309: A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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Page 318 and 319: Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347: and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349: Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
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Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
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HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
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trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
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Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
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Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
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San Juan archipelago. Washington De
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Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
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American Meteorological Society 78:
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and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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