EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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on reproduction and survival would likely to occur. Risk quotients for the alternative exposure scenarios A and B (where fewer vessels are discharging EGS washwater and the Se effluent concentrations are lower) were substantially lower. However, even at the lower exposures predicted under scenarios A and B some of the risk quotients for the San Francisco Bay-Delta model approached or equaled 1.0 for fish and exceeded 1 for birds. These results suggest that selenium from vessel discharges could pose a risk to listed species in the future if the number of vessels utilizing exhaust gas scrubbers increase beyond what is anticipated. EPA has agreed to develop and implement a monitoring plan for gas-scrubber discharges. With technical assistance from the Services, EPA will identify metrics for assessing selenium loadings in waters inhabited by ESA- listed species. EPA will also state which analytical methods should be used to accurately measure selenium in saline gas-scrubber discharges. They will also compile NOI and annual report information regarding the number and type of vessels using exhaust gas scrubbers and discharge monitoring data for selenium. And finally, EPA will evaluate vessel data, identify ports/locations where the metric has been exceeded and will, as appropriate, identify and implement additional actions to reduce any unacceptable risk. Table 30. Generalized steps in ecosystem-scale methodology for translation of a tissue Se concentration to a water-column Se concentration for protection of fish and aquaticdependent wildlife. [Adapted from Table 5, Presser and Luoma, 2010b]. Translation of Tissue Criterion to Water-Column Concentration • Develop a conceptual model of food webs in watershed. • Choose toxicity guideline for fish or aquatic bird species in estuary. • Choose fish or bird species to be protected in watershed. • For fish, choose species-specific TTFfish or use default TTFfish of 1.1; for birds, choose species-specific TTFibird or use default TTFbird of 2.0. • Identify appropriate food web(s) for selected fish or bird species based on species-specific diet. • Choose site-specific TTFinvertebrate for invertebrates in selected food web(s) or use default TTFinvertebrate for species of invertebrate (see list in Presser and Luoma, 2010). • Choose site-specific Kd or use Kd indicative of a) generalized source of Se and receiving water conditions or b) site-specific hydrologic type and speciation; or a default Kd of 1000 (see list in Presser and Luoma, 2010). • Solve equation(s) for allowable water-column concentration for protection of fish or birds (i.e., predator) If assume single invertebrate diet, then o Cwater = (Cpredator) ÷ (TTFpredator) Kd (TTFinvertebrate) If assume a mixed diet of invertebrates, then o Cwater = (Cpredator) ÷ (TTFpredator) (Kd) [(TTFinvertebrate a) (prey fraction)] + [(TTFinvertebrate b) (prey fraction)] + [(TTFinvertebrate c) (prey fraction)] If assume sequential bioaccumulation in longer food webs, then o Cwater = (Cpredator) ÷ (TTFpredator) Kd (TTFinvertebrate a) (TTFforage 292
fish) o Cwater = (Cpredator) ÷ (TTFpredator) Kd (TTFTL2 invertebrate) (TTFTL3 invertebrate) (TTFTF3 fish) where TL = trophic level Table 31. Equations used to calculate Fish and Bird ECT’s for the BO; adapted from Presser and Luoma, 2010a. Translation of Water-Column Concentration to Tissue Concentration Fish ECT = Cfish-clam pathway = Cwater * Kd * TTFclam * TTFfish Fish ECT = Cfish-invert pathway = Cwater * Kd * TTFinvert * TTFfish Bird ECT = Cbird-clam pathway = Cwater * Kd * TTFclam * TTFbird Table 32. Kd and TTF values used to calculate fish and bird ECT’s. Kd and TFF values SanFrancisco Bay-Delta 1 Hypothetical Estuary 2 Kd 5784 3000 TTFinvert 2.8 1.3 TTFclam 17.1 6.25 TTFfish 1.1 1.1 TTFbird 2.6 1.8 1 from Presser and Luoma 2010a, Kd value is average of four time periods (Table 17) 2 from Presser and Luoma 2010b, Figure 6D&E. 293
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
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In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
Page 248 and 249: VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
Page 250 and 251: for large cruise ships. The example
Page 252 and 253: EPA used information for commercial
Page 254 and 255: Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
Page 256 and 257: Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
Page 258 and 259: Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Page 266 and 267: Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Page 270 and 271: Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
Page 272 and 273: For the fraction of freshwater mode
Page 274 and 275: Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
Page 280 and 281: Geographical Distribution and Overl
Page 282 and 283: Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
Page 284 and 285: mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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Page 288 and 289: species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
Page 290 and 291: from large cruise vessels. The sour
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Page 294 and 295: physiological damage to the recepto
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Page 300 and 301: Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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Page 308 and 309: A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
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Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
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HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
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trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
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Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
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Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
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San Juan archipelago. Washington De
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Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
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American Meteorological Society 78:
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and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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