EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structure of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys: Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, and Long Key Reef, Dry Tortugas. Atoll Research Bulletin 288:1-27. Dustan, P. and J. C. Halas. 1987. Changes in the reef-coral community of Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, Florida: 1974 to 1982. Coral Reefs 6:91-106. Dutil, J. D. and J. M. Coutu. 1988. Early marine life of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post smolts in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fisheries Bulletin 86:197-212. Dutton, D. L., B. W. Bowen, D. W. Owens, A. Barragan, and S. K. Davis. 1999. Global phylogeography of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Journal of Zoology 248:397-409. Dutton, P. H., C. Hitipeuw, M. Zein, S. R. Benson, G. Petro, J. Pita, V. Rei, L. Ambio, and J. Bakarbessy. 2007. Status and genetic structure of nesting populations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the western Pacific. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6:47-53. Echeverria, T. W. 1987. Thirty-four species of California rockfishes: maturity and seasonality of reproduction. Fisheries Bulletin 85:229-250. Eckert, K. and C. Luginbuhl. 1988. Death of a giant. Marine Turtle Newsletter 43:2-3. Eckert, S. 2002. Distribution of juvenile leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea sightings. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230:289-293. Eckert, S., D. Bagley, S. Kubis, L. Ehrhart, C. Johnson, K. Stewart, and D. DeFreese. 2006. Internesting and postnesting movements and foraging habitats of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting in Florida. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5:239- 248. Eckert, S. A. 2006. High-use oceanic areas for Atlantic leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) as identified using satellite telemetered location and dive information. Marine Biology 149:1257-1267. Eckert, S. A., K. L. Eckert, P. Ponganis, and G. L. Kooyman. 1989. Diving and foraging behavior of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:2834-2840. Eckert, S. A., H. C. Liew, K. L. Eckert, and E. H. Chan. 1996. Shallow water diving by leatherback turtles in the South China Sea. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:237- 243. Ehlke, R. D. and K. Keller. 2003. 2002 Chum salmon spawnign ground surveys on the mainstem Columbia River and its Washington tributaries. Prepared for the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Vancouver, Washington by the Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. Eiseman, N. J. and C. McMillan. 1980. A new species of seagrass, Halophila johnsonii, from the Atlantic coast of Florida. Aquatic Botany 9:15-19. Eisler, R. 2000. Metals. Page 738 pp Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment. Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals. . Lewis Publishers, Washington, D.C. 354
Eldridge, M. B., E. C. Norton, B. M. Jarvis, and R. B. MacFarlane. 2002. Energetics of early development in the viviparous yellowtail rockfish. Journal of Fish Biology 61:1122-1134. Elena, V., H. Peter, C. Peter, and A. William. 2002. Social structure in migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Molecular Ecology 11:507-518. Elliot, J. M. 1991. Tolerance and resistance to thermal stress in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Freshwater Biology 25:61-70. Elsner, M. M. and A. F. Hamlet. 2010. Macro-scale hydrologic model implementation. Chapter 5 in Final Report for the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project. Climate Impacts Group, Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Emery, B. M., L. Washburn, M. S. Love, M. M. Hishimoto, and J. C. Ohlmann. 2006. Do oil and gas platforms off California reduce recruitment of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) to natural habitat? An analysis based on trajectories derived from high-frequency radar. Fishery Bulletin 104:391-400. Emmett, R. L., S. L. Stone, S. A. Hinton, and M. E. Monaco. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in West Coast estuaries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, Maryland. EPA. 2002. Columbia River Basin fish contaminant Survey 1996-1998. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. 2010. Report to Congress: Study of Discharges Incidental to Normal Operation of Commercial Fishing Vessels and Other Non--Recreational Vessels Less than 79 Feet Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA. 2011. Underwater ship husbandry discharges. EPA 800-R-11-004. EPA/USDA. 2012. Microbial Risk Assessment Guideling: Pathogenic organisms with Focus on Food and Water., United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department of Agriculture. Erbe, C. 2002. Underwater noise of whale-watching boats and potential effects on killer whales (Orcinus orca), based on an acoustic impact model. Marine Mammal Science 18:394- 418. ERC. 2002. Contaminant analysis of tissues from two shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) collected in the Delaware River. Environmental Research and Consulting, Inc., National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, Massachusetts. ERC. 2003. Contaminant analysis of tissues from a shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) from the Kennebec River, Maine. Environmental Research and Consulting, Inc., National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, Massachusetts. Erickson, D. and M. Webb. 2007. Spawning Periodicity, Spawning Migration, and Size at Maturity of Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the Rogue River, Oregon. Environmental Biology of Fishes 79:255-268. 355
Page 1 and 2:
Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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of all life stages in the riverine
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adults generally migrate upriver in
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Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
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historical population in the Strait
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During each annual spawning event,
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Caribbean and Central America, the
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occur regularly in waters in excess
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Natural threats The primary natural
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diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
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fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
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sea turtle survival and recovery in
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Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
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in leatherbacks and can block gastr
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the population has experienced a co
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Strandings may represent a signific
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eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
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which makes it potentially vulnerab
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North Atlantic right whales exhibit
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impeded by competition with other w
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Southern Oceans. Most populations m
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Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
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planktonic larvae form before settl
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than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
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Critical habitat NMFS published a f
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Natural threats Natural pressures e
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Black abalone have also experienced
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2009). The largest known groups of
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areas compared to historical condit
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Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
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another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
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Table 2. Phenomena associated with
Page 216 and 217:
In addition to these changes, clima
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as other Chinook salmon populations
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Effects of the Action The Effects o
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fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
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and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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propeller) to create thrust and det
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36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
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� Minimize the transport of any v
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information about the distribution
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The uptake and discharge of ballast
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quantify the annual number of newly
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Stressors Established ANS are stres
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autochthonous gross primary product
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damage to mortality. Baleen whales
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While there are many examples of fr
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skeleton that is free from fleshy o
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VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Page 278 and 279:
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311: (1) Scope In this section, we ask w
Page 312 and 313: estimate whether those discharges h
Page 314 and 315: analyzed due to a lack of resources
Page 316 and 317: concentration calculated for the hy
Page 318 and 319: Annually, EPA will collect and revi
Page 320 and 321: methodologies and understanding of
Page 322 and 323: traditionally requires applying dat
Page 324 and 325: In conclusion, the Service evaluate
Page 326 and 327: The VGP requires that vessel operat
Page 328 and 329: justified the application of signif
Page 330 and 331: Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
Page 332 and 333: population and a competitor could e
Page 334 and 335: Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
Page 336 and 337: is incidental to and not intended a
Page 338 and 339: minimize or avoid adverse effects o
Page 340 and 341: Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
Page 342 and 343: acidification causes bleaching and
Page 344 and 345: State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347: and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349: Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
Page 350 and 351: (Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
Page 352 and 353: Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
Page 354 and 355: River-specific target spawning requ
Page 356 and 357: pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
Page 358 and 359: comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
Page 362 and 363: Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
Page 364 and 365: (Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367: Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369: London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371: Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373: HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375: trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377: Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379: Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381: San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383: Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385: American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387: and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389: Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391: Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
Page 392 and 393: offshore waters of the North Pacifi
Page 394 and 395: NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
Page 396 and 397: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
Page 398 and 399: pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
Page 400 and 401: (Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
Page 402 and 403: T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
Page 404 and 405: Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
Page 406 and 407: 36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
Page 408 and 409: idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
Page 410 and 411:
Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
Page 414 and 415:
Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
Page 416 and 417:
Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
Page 418 and 419:
Scotian Rivers have not declined in
Page 420 and 421:
Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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