EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Critical habitat NMFS published a final rule to designate critical habitat for elkhorn and staghorn corals on November 26, 2008 (73 FR 72210). This habitat serves as substrate of suitable quality and availability, in water depths from the mean high water line to 98 feet (except along some areas of Florida, where 6 foot contour is the shoreward limit), to support successful larval settlement, recruitment, and reattachment of fragments. Four specific areas are proposed for designation: the Florida unit, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico unit, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas unit, which comprises approximately 121 square miles of marine habitat; and the St. Croix unit, which comprises approximately 126 square miles of marine habitat. NMFS proposes to exclude one military site, comprising approximately 47 square miles, because of national security impacts. The lone PCE identified thus far is natural consolidated hard substrate or dead coral skeleton that are free from fleshy or turf macroalgae cover and sediment cover. This feature is essential to the conservation of these two species because of the extremely limited recruitment currently being observed and the need for this species to have habitat to recruit into. White abalone Distribution White abalone occur along the US west coast among offshore islands and banks (particularly Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands) and mainland inshore waters from Point Conception, California south to Punta Abreojos, Baja California, Mexico (Bartsch 1940, Cox 1960, 1962). White abalone occur primarily along the mainland coast in their northern and southern range, but are more frequently at the offshore islands (especially San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands) in the middle portion of the California range (Cox 1962, Leighton 1972). However, individuals have also been found around several Mexican islands including Isla Cedros and Isla Natividad (Guzmán Del Proó 1992). There are no recognized subspecies of white abalone although there is one possible subspecies of white abalone inhabiting Guadalupe Island, Mexico (Hobday and Tegner 2000). Habitat White abalone occupy kelp forests in relatively exposed areas of low-relief rocky habitat surrounded by sand. Large juvenile and small adult abalone (3 to 4 inches) are cryptic and seek shelter in crevices and under rocks before, as adults, moving to more open habitats on the tops and sides of rocks where food is more plentiful (Haaker et al. 1986, Hobday and Tegner 2000). Adult white abalone are found most abundantly at depths of 82 to 99 feet, but may occur in waters from 66 to 197 feet (Hobday and Tegner 2000). Feeding White abalone eat algae, feeding as postlarvae and early juveniles on bacteria, sessile pennate diatoms, and other benthic microflora. As advanced juveniles and adults, drifting brown algae and microalgal films provide the primary source of nutrition (Tutschulte 1976). 194
Growth and reproduction Abalone aggregate for spawning, but low numbers and physical barriers can prevent large spawning aggregations from forming (Babcock and Keesing 1999, Leet et al. 2001). A brief annual spawning event occurs en mass generally between February and April (Tutschulte 1976). Although an average female is capable of producing over 20 million larvae over her lifetime, larval survival to adulthood is estimated at
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Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
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Rockfish ..........................
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LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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allast water volume. They also agre
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� Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
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� Conduct fueling in a manner tha
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stability of the ship. Any discharg
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� Annual calibration of ballast w
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The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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For vessels covered under the VGP,
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waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
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� Limiting use of hard brushes an
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adjusted upward for lower washwater
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� Dispose of the graywater at an
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� Appropriate reprimand procedure
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Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
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� Ensuring material storage, and
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2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
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tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
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USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
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discharges to an impaired water wit
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� Prevent monofilament line, fish
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Ballast Water. For vessels covered
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submitted or required to be maintai
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� Use soaps and detergents that a
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eports in time to make changes for
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for these components of an action);
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Regardless of whether an agency’s
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suspected to produce physical, phys
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Response Analyses We conduct a deta
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iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
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seaward a distance of three miles.
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Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
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Based upon our analyses, we conclud
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11. Certain park pest management ac
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alter macroinvertebrate communities
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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quality growth, reproduction, and f
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quality and quantity, natural cover
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occurs in residence time in fresh w
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This ESU consists of a single spawn
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Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
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Most of the chum within this ESU re
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On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
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estuaries and in fresh water coho s
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FR 24049). The designation encompas
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100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
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1996). However, the decline in prod
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other tributaries flowing into Ozet
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Status and Trends Snake River socke
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parts of pools, while winter rearin
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Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
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1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
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Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
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White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
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Status and Trends NMFS listed North
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summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
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status as threatened on January 5,
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elow the dam and the older dam coun
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extirpated due to dewatering or bar
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to 3,714 while naturally produced s
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The smolt migration past Willamette
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Movement, growth, and reproduction
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date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
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Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
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Page 154 and 155: Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
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Page 160 and 161: During each annual spawning event,
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Page 166 and 167: Natural threats The primary natural
Page 168 and 169: diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
Page 170 and 171: fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
Page 172 and 173: sea turtle survival and recovery in
Page 174 and 175: Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
Page 176 and 177: in leatherbacks and can block gastr
Page 178 and 179: the population has experienced a co
Page 180 and 181: Strandings may represent a signific
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Page 184 and 185: which makes it potentially vulnerab
Page 186 and 187: North Atlantic right whales exhibit
Page 188 and 189: impeded by competition with other w
Page 190 and 191: Southern Oceans. Most populations m
Page 192 and 193: Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
Page 194 and 195: Natural threats The overriding thre
Page 196 and 197: planktonic larvae form before settl
Page 198 and 199: than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
Page 202 and 203: Natural threats Natural pressures e
Page 204 and 205: Black abalone have also experienced
Page 206 and 207: 2009). The largest known groups of
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Page 212 and 213: another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
Page 214 and 215: Table 2. Phenomena associated with
Page 216 and 217: In addition to these changes, clima
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Page 220 and 221: Effects of the Action The Effects o
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Page 224 and 225: and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
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Page 230 and 231: � Minimize the transport of any v
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Page 234 and 235: The uptake and discharge of ballast
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Page 238 and 239: Stressors Established ANS are stres
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Page 242 and 243: damage to mortality. Baleen whales
Page 244 and 245: While there are many examples of fr
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Page 248 and 249: VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
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for large cruise ships. The example
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EPA used information for commercial
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Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
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Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
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Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
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include controllable pitch propelle
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Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Table 23. Decision Process for thos
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Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
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For the fraction of freshwater mode
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Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
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Geographical Distribution and Overl
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Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
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mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
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esponse follows a “one hit” mod
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species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
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from large cruise vessels. The sour
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metals in marine mammals is general
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physiological damage to the recepto
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the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
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on reproduction and survival would
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Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
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metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
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increased levels of suspended sedim
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than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
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A later study by the same workers r
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(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
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estimate whether those discharges h
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analyzed due to a lack of resources
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concentration calculated for the hy
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Annually, EPA will collect and revi
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methodologies and understanding of
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traditionally requires applying dat
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In conclusion, the Service evaluate
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The VGP requires that vessel operat
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justified the application of signif
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Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
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population and a competitor could e
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Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
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is incidental to and not intended a
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minimize or avoid adverse effects o
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Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
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acidification causes bleaching and
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State University, Arcada, Californi
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and high-use areas of western Pacif
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Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
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(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
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Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
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River-specific target spawning requ
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pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
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comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
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Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
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Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
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(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
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Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
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London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
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Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
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HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
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trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
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Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
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Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
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San Juan archipelago. Washington De
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Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
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American Meteorological Society 78:
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and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
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Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
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Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
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offshore waters of the North Pacifi
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NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
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pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
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(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
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T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
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Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
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36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
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idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
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Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
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Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
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Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
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Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
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Scotian Rivers have not declined in
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Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
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under the Endangered Species Act. W
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