EPA's Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General

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Table of Contents Consultation History ................................................................................................................... 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION ..................................................................... 3 Vessel General Permit (VGP) ..................................................................................................... 4 Discharges to be Authorized by the VGP ............................................................................... 5 VGP Vessel-Class-Specific Requirements ........................................................................... 24 VGP Inspections, Recordkeeping, Reporting, Compliance, and Enforcement .................... 30 Small Vessel General Permit (sVGP) ....................................................................................... 37 Discharges to be Authorized by the sVGP ........................................................................... 38 sVGP Recordkeeping, Inspections, Compliance, and Enforcement ..................................... 43 Additional Actions Taken by EPA to Protect Listed Resources............................................... 45 Reinitiation Clause ................................................................................................................ 45 VGP Requirements ............................................................................................................... 45 sVGP Requirements .............................................................................................................. 46 VGP Compliance .................................................................................................................. 47 sVGP Compliance ................................................................................................................. 47 Monitoring of Stressors (ANS and Pollutants) ..................................................................... 48 APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................... 50 Overview of NMFS’ Assessment Framework .......................................................................... 50 Application of this Approach in this Consultation ................................................................... 55 Evidence Available for the Consultation .................................................................................. 60 Treatment of “Cumulative Impacts” (in the sense of NEPA) ..................................................... 60 ACTION AREA .......................................................................................................................... 61 STATUS OF THE SPECIES AND CRITICAL HABITAT ................................................... 62 Species and Critical Habitat Not Likely to be Adversely Affected by the Proposed Action ... 65 Species and Critical Habitat Likely to be Adversely Affected by the Proposed Action .......... 67 Anadromous Fish Species ..................................................................................................... 67 Sturgeon .............................................................................................................................. 135
Rockfish .............................................................................................................................. 147 Smalltooth Sawfish ............................................................................................................. 155 Sea Turtles .......................................................................................................................... 160 Marine Mammals ................................................................................................................ 171 Invertebrates ........................................................................................................................ 186 Johnson’s seagrass .............................................................................................................. 199 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ........................................................................................... 202 The Changing Landscapes of the United States ..................................................................... 203 Status and Trends of Waters of the United States ................................................................... 204 Aquatic Nuisance Species ................................................................................................... 205 Climate Change ................................................................................................................... 205 Clean Water Act .................................................................................................................. 210 Puget Sound as an Example of the Impact .......................................................................... 210 Integration and Synthesis of the Environmental Baseline ...................................................... 213 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ................................................................................................. 214 Vessel Populations Covered by the VGPs .............................................................................. 214 VGP Vessels ....................................................................................................................... 215 sVGP Vessels ...................................................................................................................... 218 Aquatic Nuisance Species ....................................................................................................... 221 Exposure Analysis .............................................................................................................. 221 Stressors .............................................................................................................................. 232 Response Analysis .............................................................................................................. 232 Extinction and Endangerment as a Result of ANS Invasions ............................................. 237 Pollutants................................................................................................................................. 240 Exposure Analysis .............................................................................................................. 240 Response Analysis .............................................................................................................. 277 Programmatic Summary ......................................................................................................... 303
Page 1: Endangered Species Act Section 7 Co
Page 5 and 6: LIST of TABLES Table 1. Species Lis
Page 7 and 8: Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
Page 9 and 10: allast water volume. They also agre
Page 11 and 12: � Distillation and Reverse Osmosi
Page 13 and 14: � Conduct fueling in a manner tha
Page 15 and 16: stability of the ship. Any discharg
Page 17 and 18: � Annual calibration of ballast w
Page 19 and 20: The discharge of Tributyltin (TBT)
Page 21 and 22: For vessels covered under the VGP,
Page 23 and 24: For vessels covered under the VGP,
Page 25 and 26: waters (Appendix G, VGP). Non-Oily
Page 27 and 28: � Limiting use of hard brushes an
Page 29 and 30: adjusted upward for lower washwater
Page 31 and 32: � Dispose of the graywater at an
Page 33 and 34: � Appropriate reprimand procedure
Page 35 and 36: Under the VGP, the EPA authorizes t
Page 37 and 38: � Ensuring material storage, and
Page 39 and 40: 2. Voyage Log. Include the dates an
Page 41 and 42: tanks in ballast. Use units of meas
Page 43 and 44: USC §1001 or 18 USC §1519. To mon
Page 45 and 46: discharges to an impaired water wit
Page 47 and 48: � Prevent monofilament line, fish
Page 49 and 50: Ballast Water. For vessels covered
Page 51 and 52: submitted or required to be maintai
Page 53 and 54:
� Use soaps and detergents that a
Page 55 and 56:
eports in time to make changes for
Page 57 and 58:
for these components of an action);
Page 60 and 61:
Regardless of whether an agency’s
Page 62 and 63:
suspected to produce physical, phys
Page 64 and 65:
Response Analyses We conduct a deta
Page 66 and 67:
iotic phenomena to a degree that wo
Page 68 and 69:
seaward a distance of three miles.
Page 70 and 71:
Table 1. Species Listed as Threaten
Page 72 and 73:
Based upon our analyses, we conclud
Page 74 and 75:
11. Certain park pest management ac
Page 76 and 77:
alter macroinvertebrate communities
Page 78 and 79:
support one or more Chinook salmon
Page 80 and 81:
quality growth, reproduction, and f
Page 82 and 83:
quality and quantity, natural cover
Page 84 and 85:
occurs in residence time in fresh w
Page 86 and 87:
This ESU consists of a single spawn
Page 88 and 89:
Status and Trends NMFS originally l
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Critical Habitat NMFS designated cr
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support one or more Chinook salmon
Page 94 and 95:
Most of the chum within this ESU re
Page 96 and 97:
On average Hood Canal chum salmon r
Page 98 and 99:
estuaries and in fresh water coho s
Page 100 and 101:
FR 24049). The designation encompas
Page 102 and 103:
100,000 fish by the mid-1960s with
Page 104 and 105:
1996). However, the decline in prod
Page 106 and 107:
other tributaries flowing into Ozet
Page 108 and 109:
Status and Trends Snake River socke
Page 110 and 111:
parts of pools, while winter rearin
Page 112 and 113:
Creek, Waddell Creek, Gazos Creek,
Page 114 and 115:
1996). Steelhead in these basins tr
Page 116 and 117:
Cowlitz Trout Hatchery winter-run p
Page 118 and 119:
White Salmon River and Deschutes Cr
Page 120 and 121:
Status and Trends NMFS listed North
Page 122 and 123:
summer-run fish, comprising 37 of t
Page 124 and 125:
status as threatened on January 5,
Page 126 and 127:
elow the dam and the older dam coun
Page 128 and 129:
extirpated due to dewatering or bar
Page 130 and 131:
to 3,714 while naturally produced s
Page 132 and 133:
The smolt migration past Willamette
Page 134 and 135:
Movement, growth, and reproduction
Page 136 and 137:
date, Atlantic salmon are listed in
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1997, Somero and Hofmann 1997, Van
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Southern Pacific Eulachon Eulachon
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Threats Natural Threats. Birds and
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are low in comparison to catch leve
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Female shortnose sturgeon spawn eve
Page 148 and 149:
Anthropogenic Threats. Historic fis
Page 150 and 151:
of all life stages in the riverine
Page 152 and 153:
adults generally migrate upriver in
Page 154 and 155:
Bocaccio are live-bearers with inte
Page 156 and 157:
ycatch and habitat loss are also hu
Page 158 and 159:
historical population in the Strait
Page 160 and 161:
During each annual spawning event,
Page 162 and 163:
Caribbean and Central America, the
Page 164 and 165:
occur regularly in waters in excess
Page 166 and 167:
Natural threats The primary natural
Page 168 and 169:
diets (Reich et al. 2010, Vander Za
Page 170 and 171:
fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and tuni
Page 172 and 173:
sea turtle survival and recovery in
Page 174 and 175:
Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
Page 176 and 177:
in leatherbacks and can block gastr
Page 178 and 179:
the population has experienced a co
Page 180 and 181:
Strandings may represent a signific
Page 182 and 183:
eulachon, Pacific cod, walleye poll
Page 184 and 185:
which makes it potentially vulnerab
Page 186 and 187:
North Atlantic right whales exhibit
Page 188 and 189:
impeded by competition with other w
Page 190 and 191:
Southern Oceans. Most populations m
Page 192 and 193:
Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Krieger a
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Natural threats The overriding thre
Page 196 and 197:
planktonic larvae form before settl
Page 198 and 199:
than 12% on many reefs (Rogers et a
Page 200 and 201:
Critical habitat NMFS published a f
Page 202 and 203:
Natural threats Natural pressures e
Page 204 and 205:
Black abalone have also experienced
Page 206 and 207:
2009). The largest known groups of
Page 208 and 209:
areas compared to historical condit
Page 210 and 211:
Louisiana parakeet (Conuropsis caro
Page 212 and 213:
another 2.5 to 4°F during the wint
Page 214 and 215:
Table 2. Phenomena associated with
Page 216 and 217:
In addition to these changes, clima
Page 218 and 219:
as other Chinook salmon populations
Page 220 and 221:
Effects of the Action The Effects o
Page 222 and 223:
fuel barges, crane barges, dry bulk
Page 224 and 225:
and only 3% of emergency vessels ar
Page 226 and 227:
propeller) to create thrust and det
Page 228 and 229:
36 weeks from 1850 to 1995, but in
Page 230 and 231:
� Minimize the transport of any v
Page 232 and 233:
information about the distribution
Page 234 and 235:
The uptake and discharge of ballast
Page 236 and 237:
quantify the annual number of newly
Page 238 and 239:
Stressors Established ANS are stres
Page 240 and 241:
autochthonous gross primary product
Page 242 and 243:
damage to mortality. Baleen whales
Page 244 and 245:
While there are many examples of fr
Page 246 and 247:
skeleton that is free from fleshy o
Page 248 and 249:
VGP Authorized Discharge sVGP Autho
Page 250 and 251:
for large cruise ships. The example
Page 252 and 253:
EPA used information for commercial
Page 254 and 255:
Aluminum, Total (μg/L) Cadmium, Di
Page 256 and 257:
Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effl
Page 258 and 259:
Table 16. Fish Hold Effluent and Cl
Page 260 and 261:
Graywater and Graywater Mixed with
Page 262 and 263:
include controllable pitch propelle
Page 264 and 265:
Discharges not Evaluated in the BE.
Page 266 and 267:
Table 23. Decision Process for thos
Page 268 and 269:
Table 23. Decision Process for thos
Page 270 and 271:
Estimates of Exposure Resulting fro
Page 272 and 273:
For the fraction of freshwater mode
Page 274 and 275:
Table 26. Estimated Receiving Water
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Geographical Distribution and Overl
Page 282 and 283:
Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), Ca
Page 284 and 285:
mg/L (USEPA 2008). Average phosphor
Page 286 and 287:
esponse follows a “one hit” mod
Page 288 and 289:
species. (Glazebrook and Campbell 1
Page 290 and 291:
from large cruise vessels. The sour
Page 292 and 293:
metals in marine mammals is general
Page 294 and 295:
physiological damage to the recepto
Page 296 and 297:
the original estimates (USEPA 2012a
Page 298 and 299:
on reproduction and survival would
Page 300 and 301:
Table 33. Application of the Ecosys
Page 302 and 303:
metabolism of organic chemicals. Wh
Page 304 and 305:
increased levels of suspended sedim
Page 306 and 307:
than EPA’s HC5 TLM for benzo(a)py
Page 308 and 309:
A later study by the same workers r
Page 310 and 311:
(1) Scope In this section, we ask w
Page 312 and 313:
estimate whether those discharges h
Page 314 and 315:
analyzed due to a lack of resources
Page 316 and 317:
concentration calculated for the hy
Page 318 and 319:
Annually, EPA will collect and revi
Page 320 and 321:
methodologies and understanding of
Page 322 and 323:
traditionally requires applying dat
Page 324 and 325:
In conclusion, the Service evaluate
Page 326 and 327:
The VGP requires that vessel operat
Page 328 and 329:
justified the application of signif
Page 330 and 331:
Integration and Synthesis The EPA p
Page 332 and 333:
population and a competitor could e
Page 334 and 335:
Second, EPA will monitor pollutants
Page 336 and 337:
is incidental to and not intended a
Page 338 and 339:
minimize or avoid adverse effects o
Page 340 and 341:
Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morpho
Page 342 and 343:
acidification causes bleaching and
Page 344 and 345:
State University, Arcada, Californi
Page 346 and 347:
and high-use areas of western Pacif
Page 348 and 349:
Blum, J. P. 1988. Assessment of fac
Page 350 and 351:
(Special Issue) 2:245-250. Browning
Page 352 and 353:
Conservation 78:97-106. Carlton, J.
Page 354 and 355:
River-specific target spawning requ
Page 356 and 357:
pinniger in Canada. Committee on th
Page 358 and 359:
comparison of reef maps from 1881 a
Page 360 and 361:
Dustan, P. 1985. Community structur
Page 362 and 363:
Erickson, D. L. and J. E. Hightower
Page 364 and 365:
(Eubalaena glacialis). Aquatic Mamm
Page 366 and 367:
Gilmore, M. D. and B. R. Hall. 1976
Page 368 and 369:
London. Groot, C. and L. Margolis.
Page 370 and 371:
Hanson, B., R. W. Baird, and G. Sch
Page 372 and 373:
HDLNR. 2002. Application for an ind
Page 374 and 375:
trawl fishery 1962-64. Washington D
Page 376 and 377:
Comprehensive Guide to their Identi
Page 378 and 379:
Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of t
Page 380 and 381:
San Juan archipelago. Washington De
Page 382 and 383:
Littell, J. S., M. M. Elsner, L. C.
Page 384 and 385:
American Meteorological Society 78:
Page 386 and 387:
and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global
Page 388 and 389:
Mieog, J. C., J. L. Olsen, R. Berke
Page 390 and 391:
Moser, H. G. 1967. Reproduction and
Page 392 and 393:
offshore waters of the North Pacifi
Page 394 and 395:
NMFS. 2008d. National Marine Fisher
Page 396 and 397:
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. E
Page 398 and 399:
pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pr
Page 400 and 401:
(Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of H
Page 402 and 403:
T. B. B. Smith, R., C. F. G. Jeffre
Page 404 and 405:
Margolis, editors. Pacific Salmon L
Page 406 and 407:
36:447-453. Seminoff, J. A., A. Res
Page 408 and 409:
idley sea turtles: Evidence from ma
Page 410 and 411:
Marine Ecology-Progress Series 377:
Page 412 and 413:
Quality Criteria for Oil and Grease
Page 414 and 415:
Veracruz, Mexico. United States Fis
Page 416 and 417:
Virnstein, R. W. and L. J. Morris.
Page 418 and 419:
Scotian Rivers have not declined in
Page 420 and 421:
Williams, R., D. E. Bain, J. K. B.
Page 422 and 423:
under the Endangered Species Act. W
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