Classical Mythology, 7th Edition - obinfonet: dia logou

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624 THE NATURE OF ROMAN MYTHOLOGY and Propertius (to name the three most important poets in this respect) and in the prose writers Cicero, Varro (a polymath and antiquarian who died at the age of eighty-nine in 27 B.c.), and Livy. The outline of other legends can be recovered from what is known of the cults and rituals of Roman divinities. Especially important in this respect is Ovid's Fasti, in which he describes the festivals of the first six months of the Roman calendar. He tells many legends of the gods, while describing their cults and explaining the origins of their rituals. Legends attached to the early history of Rome are the Roman equivalent of saga. A few of these are associated with specific local heroes, of whom the most important are Aeneas and Romulus. A large group of legends associated with the early history of Rome idealized the past, and their central figures exemplify Roman virtues. Such idealizing was especially practiced in the time of Augustus (who reigned from 27 B.C. to A.D. 14), a period of reconstruction and revival of the supposed principles of the early Romans. All the authors named here as sources for Roman mythology were contemporaries of Augustus, and of them, only Varro (fifty-three years older than Augustus) and Cicero (forty-three years older) died before the Augustan reconstruction had begun. Thus the definition of myth as a "traditional tale" has a special coloring in Roman mythology. Livy justifies the process of idealization in the "Preface" to his history (sects. 6-10): I do not intend to accept or deny the truth of traditional legends about events before and during the founding of the city. These are more suitable for poetic fables than for reliable historical records. But one can excuse ancient legends because they make the origins of the city more august by uniting human and divine actions. If any nation has the right to consider its origins sacred and to ascribe them to the gods, it is the Roman people, for they claim that Mars is their ancestor and the father of the founder [Romulus]. THE ITALIAN GODS JANUS, MARS, AND BELLONA Among the gods of the Roman state, Janus takes first place; in formal prayers to the gods he was named first. He is a very ancient deity, and he has an equivalent in the Etruscan god, Culsans. He is the god who presides over beginnings, and in this connection we preserve his name in the month that begins our year. It is likely, however, that in his earliest form he was connected with water, especially with crossing places and bridges. Thus in the city of Rome there were five shrines to Janus, all placed near crossings over the river or watercourses, and he was intimately connected with the boundaries of the earliest settlements at Rome, the approaches to which required crossing the Tiber or one of its tributary brooks. As the city expanded, these early crossing-places lost their importance, and Janus' original functions were obscured. Yet they can be detected in later times; the gates of his shrine near the Argiletum entrance to the Forum were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. They were closed by Au-
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY AND SAGA 625 ALPES MONTHS Map 26.1. Roman Italy and Sicily gustus with great ceremony, for example, to mark the end of the protracted civil wars that brought him to power. In the early days of Rome, the bridges would have been broken when the city was threatened by an enemy; an analogy for opening the gates of Janus in time of war would be raising a drawbridge over a moat.
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CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY
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Oxford University Press Oxford New
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PLATES, MAPS, AND FIGURES ix PREFAC
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PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES COLOR PLAT
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PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES XI 81 Oedi
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PREFACE This is the seventh edition
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PREFACE XV The Introduction in prev
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mark Morford is P
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CHAPTER 1 INTERPRETATION AND DEFINI
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INTERPRETATION AND DEFINITION OF CL
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CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GREEK MYTH
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CHAPTER 3 MYTHS OF CREATION There w
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MYTHS OF CREATION 53 Another myth o
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MYTHS OF CREATION 55 wonder to prim
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MYTHS OF CREATION 57 Selene, and Eo
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MYTHS OF CREATION 59 Selene's conti
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MYTHS OF CREATION 61 simply and eff
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MYTHS OF CREATION 63 love, lay on G
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MYTHS OF CREATION 65 after he is de
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MYTHS OF CREATION 67 Gigantomachy.
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MYTHS OF CREATION 69
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MYTHS OF CREATION 71 for power agai
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MYTHS OF CREATION 73 ing a branch,
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MYTHS OF CREATION 75 8. See the bib
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ZEUS' RISE TO POWER: THE CREATION O
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THE TWELVE OLYMPIANS: ZEUS, HERA, A
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 129 dition,
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 131 He argue
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 133 all the
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 135
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 137 solutely
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 139 group of
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 141 Croesus,
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 143 Yet ther
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 145 and God
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CHAPTER 7 POSEIDON, SEA DEITIES, GR
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POSEIDON, SEA DEITIES, GROUP DIVINI
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CHAPTER 8 ATHENA THE BIRTH OF ATHEN
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ATHENA 159 all honoring Athena, who
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ATHENA 161 brate the festival of th
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ATHENA 163 birth Athena was reared
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ATHENA 165 Athena. Detail from an A
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ATHENA 167 in a more generic and ab
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ATHENA 169 oning progress and the a
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CHAPTER 9 APHRODITE AND EROS As we
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APHRODITE AND EROS 173
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APHRODITE AND EROS 175 The Godhead
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APHRODITE AND EROS 177 The goddess
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APHRODITE AND EROS 179 youth. Obvio
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APHRODITE AND EROS 181 Venus and An
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APHRODITE AND EROS 183 tiful woods
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APHRODITE AND EROS 185 taken his de
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APHRODITE AND EROS 187 honors, alth
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APHRODITE AND EROS 189 able to tell
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APHRODITE AND EROS 191 a feast and
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APHRODITE AND EROS 193 SOCRATES AND
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APHRODITE AND EROS 195 bridegroom v
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APHRODITE AND EROS 197 ¥ Immediate
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APHRODITE AND EROS 199 NOTES 1. in
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ARTEMIS 201 Artemis the Huntress. R
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ARTEMIS 203 of her primary function
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ARTEMIS 205 out "Actaeon am I; obey
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ARTEMIS 207 ana's side nor be the f
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ARTEMIS Artemis of Ephesus. Alabast
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ARTEMIS 211 favorite of Aphrodite,
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ARTEMIS 213 ¥ APHRODITE: I am call
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ARTEMIS 215 stead may they live and
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ARTEMIS 217 her own life. She confi
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ARTEMIS 219 my unhappy mother, O my
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ARTEMIS 221 your enemies. The god o
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ARTEMIS 223 with the last gasps of
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ARTEMIS 225 3. A rock on Mt. Sipylu
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APOLLO 227 peaks of Pelion, Thracia
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APOLLO 229
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APOLLO 231 a she-dragon by the fair
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APOLLO 233 neath or inside the bowl
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APOLLO 235 entrust them to the leav
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APOLLO 237 all-consuming fire and f
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APOLLO 239 Apollo and Daphne, by Gi
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APOLLO 241 APOLLO, CORONIS, AND ASC
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APOLLO 243 that he dared to challen
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APOLLO 245 knows by experience the
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APOLLO 247 mediately the immortals
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APOLLO 249 me his dear and trusting
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APOLLO *mm** 251
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APOLLO 253 to land? This is the rig
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APOLLO 255 4. It is not difficult t
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CHAPTER 12 HERMES THE BIRTH AND CHI
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HERMES 259 seashore, he wove sandal
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HERMES 261 The old man spoke to him
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HERMES 263 and by arguments. But wh
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HERMES 265 uttered sound I hear is
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HERMES 267 messenger to Hades, who,
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HERMES 269 THE MUTILATION OF THE HE
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HERMES 271 uous exercise of the hun
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HERMES 273 3. As he walks along, He
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DIONYSUS, PAN, ECHO, AND NARCISSUS
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CHAPTER 14 DEMETER AND THE ELEUSINI
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DEMETER AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIE
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VIEWS OF THE AFTERLIFE: THE REALM O
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ORPHEUS AND ORPHISM: MYSTERY RELIGI
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INTRODUCTION Universal themes are p
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374 THE GREEK SAGAS: GREEK LOCAL LE
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CHAPTER 18 THE MYCENAEAN SAGA The l
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o CD Dioscuri Zeus Tyndareus 1^ Hel
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CHAPTER 19 THE TROJAN SAGA AND THE
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440 ¥ PARIS: THE GREEK SAGAS: GREE
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i 1 Telamon m. Hesione Teucer 1 lit
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The Building of the Trojan Horse, b
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CHAPTER 20 THE RETURNS AND THE ODYS
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UT. o 00 bya r 5 Danaus Aegyptuj r~
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Zeus m. Danaë I Perseus m. Androme
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C HAPTER 23 THESEUS AND THE LEGENDS
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Dionysus and Ariadne. Marble sarcop
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Page 691 and 692: CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN LITERATURE A
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CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN LITERATURE A
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CHAPTER 28 CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN M
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CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN MUSIC, DANCE
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Only a few of t
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GLOSSARY OF MYTHOLOGICAL WORDS AND
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THE GREEK SPELLING OF NAMES 777 Che
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CAPTIONS FOR COLOR PLATES 1-10 1. J
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PLATE 2 Dionysus, kylix by Exekias.
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? & & * |£ ^^H v \i\à ' PLATE 6 T
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PLATE 8 The Discovery of the Infant
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s PLATE 10 Las Manderas (The Weaver
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CAPTIONS FOR COLOR PLATES 11-21 11.
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PLATE 13 The Triumph of Neptune and
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PLATE 15 Earth: Vertumnus and Pomon
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IPSBKTIÎHB S'Y ;.--:«r.i. m&Z
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PLATE 20 Hector and Andromache, by
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INDEXES INDEX OF AUTHORS, ARTISTS,
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INDEXES 1-3 Bruch, Max, 711 Brueghe
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INDEXES 1-5 Erechtheus (Euripides),
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INDEXES 1-7 Hymn to Apollo (Bliss),
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INDEXES 1-9 Mourning Becomes Electr
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INDEXES 1-11 Rapp, Michael, 730 Rec
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INDEXES 1-13 Villa-Lobos, Hector, 7
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INDEXES Alcaeus (al-së' us), fathe
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INDEXES 1-17 Baucis (baw' kis), she
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INDEXES 1-19 from the earth, who lo
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INDEXES 1-21 Eurybië (u-rib' i-e),
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INDEXES 1-23 Icarius (i-kar' i-us):
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INDEXES 1-25 Melpomene (mel-pom' e-
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INDEXES 1-27 Periclymenus (per-i-kl
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INDEXES 1-29 Sphinx (sfinks), "Stra
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