Classical Mythology, 7th Edition - obinfonet: dia logou

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670 THE SURVIVAL OF CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY he said, "by the belief that the pagan gods were once men" (De Civitate Dei 7. 18). The seventh-century bishop Isidore of Seville began his chapters on the pagan gods with the Euhemeristic statement: "Those whom the pagans call gods are said to have once been men" (Etymologiae 8. 11). Isidore tried to give historical dates for the men who became gods, and his summary of world history (Etymologiae 5. 39) did not distinguish between myth and history. Thus he dated as "historical facts" the invention of the lyre by Hermes and Heracles' selfimmolation. Euhemerism survived throughout the Middle Ages, and it was an important element in the survival of the gods of Greek mythology. MYTHOGRAPHERS AND HANDBOOKS OF CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY Mythographers, who summarized and classified Greek mythology, demonstrate another aspect of scholarly interest in mythology. The Alexandrian polymath Eratosthenes (ca. 225 B.c.) and the Athenian scholar Apollodorus (ca. 145) are known to have written handbooks on mythology, now lost, and their names are attached to two surviving mythological compen<strong>dia</strong>. That of "Apollodorus" (perhaps ca. A.D. 120) is the most complete and contains versions of many of the legends that are still useful. The shorter work of pseudo-Eratosthenes, called Catasterisms, deals exclusively with metamorphoses of people into stars. Astral legends are an aspect of Alexandrianism, and genuinely early Greek astral myths are rare (the myth of Orion is one example). The Catasterisms, however, include forty-four such legends, for example, the origins of the Great Bear (Callisto), the signs of the Zo<strong>dia</strong>c, and the Milky Way. These legends are not myths in the strict sense, but they are a significant element in the survival of some of the persons named in classical mythology. We give two examples of these catasterisms. In the tenth, the constellation Gemini (the Twins) was formerly the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux): f They exceeded all men in brotherly love, for they never quarreled about power or about anything else. So Zeus, wishing to make a memorial of their unanimity, called them, "the Twins" and placed them together among the stars. In Catasterism 44, the origin of the Milky Way is given thus: f The sons of Zeus might only share in divine honors if Hera had suckled them. Hermes, therefore (so they say), brought Heracles at his birth to Hera and held him to Hera's breast and she suckled him. But when she realized it was Heracles, she shook him off and the excess milk spurted out to form the Galaxy. 1 A few other mythological handbooks still survive. In the first century B.c. Parthenius compiled a collection of love stories for the use of the Roman poet Gallus. A Latin compendium was made in about A.D. 160 by an author who called himself Hyginus (the name of the librarian of the Emperor Augustus around 10 B.c.), containing summaries of more than 250 legends. The Mitologiae
CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN LITERATURE AND ART 671 jag, Riomhunc a 2ona & rdfquo corporesequinc&ia' gSvyt frs circulus diuidic cum taurodecertantem colloca ' tumidcxtramanuclauamtenentem & mcin&um cnfcfpe&antem ad occafum:& occidentem exorta Jv fcorpionispoftenore parte & fagiâarîo cxoriente; cum cancro autem totocorporepariter exurgcntcm.Hichafeet in capite ftellas très claras.in utrifcp humeri's fingulasan cubiro dextro pbfcuram unam.in manu fïmilé unâan zona frcs.in eo quo gladius dus dcformatur très obfcuras.in utrifcp gcnibus fingulas clarasan pedibus fingulas obfcuras.Omnino funt dc^ ccmôcfcptcm» On'on. Woodcut from Hygini Poeticon Astronomicon Liber, T. de Blavis, Venice, 1488. Hyginus' mythological summary was printed by Erhard Radtolt at Venice in 1485, the first printed book to have woodcuts illustrating the constellations named after mythological figures and emblems. His blocks were used by other printers: in the case of Orion, de Blavis reversed the figure (Orion wields the club in his left hand). Orion is represented as a medieval knight whose armor overwhelms the seventeen stars of the constellation. Smith College, Mortimer Rare Book Room.
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CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY
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Oxford University Press Oxford New
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PLATES, MAPS, AND FIGURES ix PREFAC
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PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES COLOR PLAT
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PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES XI 81 Oedi
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PREFACE This is the seventh edition
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PREFACE XV The Introduction in prev
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mark Morford is P
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CHAPTER 1 INTERPRETATION AND DEFINI
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INTERPRETATION AND DEFINITION OF CL
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CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GREEK MYTH
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CHAPTER 3 MYTHS OF CREATION There w
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MYTHS OF CREATION 53 Another myth o
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MYTHS OF CREATION 55 wonder to prim
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MYTHS OF CREATION 57 Selene, and Eo
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MYTHS OF CREATION 59 Selene's conti
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MYTHS OF CREATION 61 simply and eff
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MYTHS OF CREATION 63 love, lay on G
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MYTHS OF CREATION 65 after he is de
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MYTHS OF CREATION 67 Gigantomachy.
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MYTHS OF CREATION 69
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MYTHS OF CREATION 71 for power agai
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MYTHS OF CREATION 73 ing a branch,
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MYTHS OF CREATION 75 8. See the bib
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ZEUS' RISE TO POWER: THE CREATION O
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THE TWELVE OLYMPIANS: ZEUS, HERA, A
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 129 dition,
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 131 He argue
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 133 all the
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 135
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 137 solutely
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 139 group of
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 141 Croesus,
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 143 Yet ther
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THE NATURE OF THE GODS 145 and God
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CHAPTER 7 POSEIDON, SEA DEITIES, GR
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POSEIDON, SEA DEITIES, GROUP DIVINI
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CHAPTER 8 ATHENA THE BIRTH OF ATHEN
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ATHENA 159 all honoring Athena, who
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ATHENA 161 brate the festival of th
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ATHENA 163 birth Athena was reared
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ATHENA 165 Athena. Detail from an A
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ATHENA 167 in a more generic and ab
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ATHENA 169 oning progress and the a
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CHAPTER 9 APHRODITE AND EROS As we
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APHRODITE AND EROS 173
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APHRODITE AND EROS 175 The Godhead
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APHRODITE AND EROS 177 The goddess
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APHRODITE AND EROS 179 youth. Obvio
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APHRODITE AND EROS 181 Venus and An
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APHRODITE AND EROS 183 tiful woods
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APHRODITE AND EROS 185 taken his de
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APHRODITE AND EROS 187 honors, alth
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APHRODITE AND EROS 189 able to tell
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APHRODITE AND EROS 191 a feast and
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APHRODITE AND EROS 193 SOCRATES AND
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APHRODITE AND EROS 195 bridegroom v
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APHRODITE AND EROS 197 ¥ Immediate
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APHRODITE AND EROS 199 NOTES 1. in
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ARTEMIS 201 Artemis the Huntress. R
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ARTEMIS 203 of her primary function
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ARTEMIS 205 out "Actaeon am I; obey
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ARTEMIS 207 ana's side nor be the f
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ARTEMIS Artemis of Ephesus. Alabast
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ARTEMIS 211 favorite of Aphrodite,
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ARTEMIS 213 ¥ APHRODITE: I am call
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ARTEMIS 215 stead may they live and
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ARTEMIS 217 her own life. She confi
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ARTEMIS 219 my unhappy mother, O my
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ARTEMIS 221 your enemies. The god o
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ARTEMIS 223 with the last gasps of
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ARTEMIS 225 3. A rock on Mt. Sipylu
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APOLLO 227 peaks of Pelion, Thracia
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APOLLO 229
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APOLLO 231 a she-dragon by the fair
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APOLLO 233 neath or inside the bowl
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APOLLO 235 entrust them to the leav
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APOLLO 237 all-consuming fire and f
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APOLLO 239 Apollo and Daphne, by Gi
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APOLLO 241 APOLLO, CORONIS, AND ASC
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APOLLO 243 that he dared to challen
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APOLLO 245 knows by experience the
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APOLLO 247 mediately the immortals
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APOLLO 249 me his dear and trusting
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APOLLO *mm** 251
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APOLLO 253 to land? This is the rig
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APOLLO 255 4. It is not difficult t
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CHAPTER 12 HERMES THE BIRTH AND CHI
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HERMES 259 seashore, he wove sandal
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HERMES 261 The old man spoke to him
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HERMES 263 and by arguments. But wh
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HERMES 265 uttered sound I hear is
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HERMES 267 messenger to Hades, who,
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HERMES 269 THE MUTILATION OF THE HE
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HERMES 271 uous exercise of the hun
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HERMES 273 3. As he walks along, He
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DIONYSUS, PAN, ECHO, AND NARCISSUS
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CHAPTER 14 DEMETER AND THE ELEUSINI
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DEMETER AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIE
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VIEWS OF THE AFTERLIFE: THE REALM O
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ORPHEUS AND ORPHISM: MYSTERY RELIGI
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INTRODUCTION Universal themes are p
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374 THE GREEK SAGAS: GREEK LOCAL LE
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CHAPTER 18 THE MYCENAEAN SAGA The l
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o CD Dioscuri Zeus Tyndareus 1^ Hel
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CHAPTER 19 THE TROJAN SAGA AND THE
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440 ¥ PARIS: THE GREEK SAGAS: GREE
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i 1 Telamon m. Hesione Teucer 1 lit
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The Building of the Trojan Horse, b
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CHAPTER 20 THE RETURNS AND THE ODYS
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UT. o 00 bya r 5 Danaus Aegyptuj r~
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Zeus m. Danaë I Perseus m. Androme
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C HAPTER 23 THESEUS AND THE LEGENDS
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Dionysus and Ariadne. Marble sarcop
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Aeolus 3 I I I I I Salmoneus Alcyon
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CHAPTER 25 MYTHS OF LOCAL HEROES AN
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The François Vase. Attic black-fig
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CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IN MUSIC, DANCE
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Only a few of t
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GLOSSARY OF MYTHOLOGICAL WORDS AND
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THE GREEK SPELLING OF NAMES 777 Che
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CAPTIONS FOR COLOR PLATES 1-10 1. J
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PLATE 2 Dionysus, kylix by Exekias.
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? & & * |£ ^^H v \i\à ' PLATE 6 T
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PLATE 8 The Discovery of the Infant
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s PLATE 10 Las Manderas (The Weaver
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CAPTIONS FOR COLOR PLATES 11-21 11.
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PLATE 13 The Triumph of Neptune and
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PLATE 15 Earth: Vertumnus and Pomon
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IPSBKTIÎHB S'Y ;.--:«r.i. m&Z
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PLATE 20 Hector and Andromache, by
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INDEXES INDEX OF AUTHORS, ARTISTS,
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INDEXES 1-3 Bruch, Max, 711 Brueghe
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INDEXES 1-5 Erechtheus (Euripides),
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INDEXES 1-7 Hymn to Apollo (Bliss),
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INDEXES 1-9 Mourning Becomes Electr
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INDEXES 1-11 Rapp, Michael, 730 Rec
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INDEXES 1-13 Villa-Lobos, Hector, 7
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INDEXES Alcaeus (al-së' us), fathe
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INDEXES 1-17 Baucis (baw' kis), she
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INDEXES 1-19 from the earth, who lo
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INDEXES 1-21 Eurybië (u-rib' i-e),
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INDEXES 1-23 Icarius (i-kar' i-us):
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INDEXES 1-25 Melpomene (mel-pom' e-
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INDEXES 1-27 Periclymenus (per-i-kl
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INDEXES 1-29 Sphinx (sfinks), "Stra
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