BUKU ABSTRAK - Universiti Putra Malaysia

Application of Chemometric Technique in Identifying Sources Apportionment of
PAHs in Sediment Sample Collected from South China Sea
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
Norazida Manan, Abdul Halim Abdullah, Hafizan Juahir, Norliza Ismail, Lee Chiow Yee, Che Abdul Rahim
Mohamed and Munirah Abdul Zali
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
+603-8946 8024; mpauzi@env.upm.edu.my
Keywords: PAHs, PCA, MLR, South China Sea
Determination of Heavy Metals in Aquaculture Fish from Selected Locations in the
Straits of Malacca
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
Lau Chun Ghee, Munirah Abdul Zali, Nurul Afiqah Mohamd Tahir, Nur Hazirah Adnan, Ahmad Zaharin Aris
and Normala Halimoon
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
+603-8946 8024; mpauzi@env.upm.edu.my
Keywords: Heavy metal, Strait of Malacca, aquaculture fish
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Forestry & Environment
South China Sea is a large ecosystem and rich in natural resources. It is located in a strategic location
where it is a busy traffic for tanker ships transporting oil from Middle East to Northern Asia country. South
China Sea deserved special attention especially to the impact of petroleum pollutant. Ten sediment samples were
collected from South China Sea, extracted and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by using
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PAHs are the most important persistent organic pollutant.
Due to persistency to the environment and huge affinity for particulate and organic matter, the possibilities to
find the concentrations PAHs in sediment sample are very high compared to other matrices. In addition, PAHs
are lipophilic and hydrophobic. PAHs tend to partition into sediment rather than water or air. PAHs continue
to be released to the environment because of their widespread formation during the burning of organic matter
and escaped during petroleum recovery, transport and use. Principal component analysis (PCA), can provide
information on source contributions, in associate with multivariate linear regression (MLR), has been performed to
determine and apportion PAHs sources in the sediment samples. One of the objectives of this study is to determine
the major of anthropogenic sources PAHs by using PCA. PCA is associated with MLR which apportioned the
sources PAHs contributing to sediment sample collected in South China Sea. Five factors were identified based
on loadings of PAHs and were attributed to the following sources; (1) residual fossil fuels; (2) coal combustion;
(3) traffic emission combustion; (4) incinerations; (5) coal production. The reconstructed sources and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were in good agreement (R2= 0.905) with those measured in South China Sea. The major
source at South China Sea is pyrogenic PAHs. This finding is consistent with previous studies.
Strait of Malacca lies in a strategic location and heavily impacted with heavy metals and oil pollution.
The strait has also been significantly affected by anthropogenic input from land-based sources mainly from
industrialization and urbanization. In this study, twelve aqua-culture fish samples (red fish, grouper and tiger
grouper) were collected from selected location along Straits of Malacca for heavy metals pollution assessment
by using inductively couple plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP- MS). This study aims to access the concentration
of heavy metals in fish samples and compared the results obtained with Malaysian Food Regulation, 1995. The
sample undergone microwave digestion using HNO3 under the condition of 1000 mbar, 250 0 c and 850 watts for
45 minutes before injected into ICP-MS. The mean heavy metals concentration of the samples is 1.86 mg/ kg
wet weight, 0.02mg/ kg wet weight, 1.03mg/ kg wet weight, 827.20mg/ kg wet weight, 0.03mg/ kg wet weight,
0.06mg/ kg wet weight, 12.56mg/ kg wet weight, 70.97mg/ kg wet weight, 0.87mg/ kg wet weight, 1.03 mg/ kg
wet weight for As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Se, Zn, Al, Cr and Mn respectively. The result of this study indicates that all the
samples conform to the maximum permitted concentration in Fourteen Schedule of Malaysian Food Regulation
1985 except for As. Some concentrations in the samples exceeded the permissible limit by almost five times.
Hence it is recommended that further and in depth study of As concentration should be carried out in the near
future to verify these findings.