BUKU ABSTRAK - Universiti Putra Malaysia

Social Sciences
Consumer with credit card payment facility faces the risk of unauthorised payment. Unauthorised payment
occurs when a person initiated a credit card payment by using the consumer’s access device without his consent.
It causes losses which are basically allocated between the issuer and the consumer according to the laws
governing the bank-customer relationship. Apart from the old laws, the credit card payment system which uses
new technology involves new transaction format and possesses some distinctive characteristics also requires
new form of regulation. Considering the need, Bank Negara Malaysia had issued the Credit Card Guidelines
2003 (the CC Guidelines) to regulate the consumer-issuer relationship, including regulating the allocation of
unauthorised payment losses. Because of the importance of the CC Guidelines’ loss allocation rules, this paper
examines the rules to identify their impact on the consumer and also to give comments and suggest ideas for
improvement. The findings revealed that the rules are ambiguous while at the same time failed to consider the
impact of technological development on the payment systems. The ambiguities and weaknesses allow the issuer
to allocate the losses by using the contract terms to the consumer’s prejudice. Therefore, it is recommended
that the consumer should be aware of the contract terms that allocate fraudulent payment losses, in particular,
terms that prescribe his duties and liabilities in relation to the losses. Finally, Bank Negara should revise the CC
Guidelines to remedy the weaknesses.
Keywords: Credit card, loss allocation, fraud
Pengguguran Vokal Tinggi Dialek Kelantan Berdasarkan Teori Optimaliti
Dr. Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz
Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
+603-8946 8761; adi@fbmk.upm.edu.my
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan isu pengguguran vokal tinggi dalam urutan vokal bukan tinggi-tinggi
dalam dialek Kelantan berdasarkan teori optimaliti. Urutan vokal bukan tinggi-tinggi ini terdiri daripada /ai/, /au/
dan /oi/. Dalam bahasa Melayu, urutan vokal ini direalisasikan sebagai diftong, iaitu /ai/ direalisasikan sebagai
[aj], /au/ direalisasikan sebagai [aw], dan /oi/ direalisasikan sebagai [oj], justeru terdapat anggapan bahawa proses
pengguguran vokal tinggi ini sebagai pemonoftongan daripada diftong. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa
proses pendiftongan mahupun pemonoftongan tidak berlaku dalam dialek Kelantan. Sebaliknya proses yang
berlaku ialah pengguguran vokal tinggi dan pemanjangan vokal bukan tinggi yang mendahuluinya, dan keduadua
proses fonologi ini berlaku secara serentak. Ini bermakna urutan vokal /ai/ dan /au/ direalisasikan sebagai [a:],
manakala /oi/ pula direalisasikan sebagai [o:]. Kesemua dapatan ini direpresentasi dalam bentuk tablo kekangan
berdasarkan teori optimaliti yang sekali gus membuktikan keupayaan teori ini untuk menjelaskan isu fonologi
yang berlaku secara lebih berpada.
Keywords: Fonologi, optimaliti, diftong, monoftong, dialek Kelantan
Allocating Unauthorised Credit Card Payment Losses: The Credit Card Guidelines
and Consumer Protection
Dr. Adilah Abd. Razak
Parker Hood
Faculty of Economics and Management, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
+603-8946 7871; adilah@econ.upm.edu.my
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