sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi

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4. REFERENCES SDÜ ORMAN FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ Hsiang T and Tian XL, 2008. Sporulation and identity of tar spot of maple in Canada. Acta Silvatica & Lignaria Hungarica 2007, 71-74. Hudler GW, Jensen-Tracy S, Banik MT. 1998. Rhytisma americanum sp. nov.: a previously undescribed species of Rhytisma on maples (Acer spp.). Mycotaxon 68, 405-416. Waterman AM. 1941. Diseases of shade and ornamental trees: annotated list of specimens received in 1940 at the New Haven Office, Division of Forest Pathology. Plant Dis. Rep. 25, 181- 182. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DA, Sninsky JJ, White TJ. (Eds.), PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, U.S.A., pp. 315 - 322. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Landscape Ontario, and the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Trees were donated by Winkelmolen Nursery, Lynden, Ontario, Canada. 193
SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal Serial: A, Number: Special Issue, Year: 2009, ISSN: 1302-7085, Page: 194-199 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL TRIALS OF BEECH BARK DISEASE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS Gaston LAFLAMME 1* , Simon BOUDREAULT 1 , Robert LAVALLEE 1 , Martine BLAIS 1 , Jean-Yves BLANCHETTE 2 . 1 Natural Resources Canada, CFS, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4C7 2 Université de Moncton, Edmundston, N.-B., Canada E3V 2S8 * Gaston.Laflamme@NRCan-RNCan.gc.ca ABSTRACT Beech bark disease (BBD) causes mortality of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). BBD involves an attack by the beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. followed by the native fungal pathogen Neonectria faginata (Lohman et al.) Cast. & Rossman. C. fagisuga was introduced into Halifax, Nova Scotia, from Europe through seedlings around 1890. Damage to American beech was observed 20 years later. Our objective is to use entomogenous fungi to control the insect. Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & W. Gams, common in European infested sites, was retained as well as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. Our first trials were done on non-crawling nymphal stage on bark disks, 24 mm in diameter, kept individually in Solo cups ® at 20°C or 25°C. To expose the insects, the “wool-like” wax covering the colony was removed. The treatment consisted of an application of 125 µL of 10 6 spores/mL of water and oil. A second trial was conducted by spraying spore suspensions of L. muscarium (100 µL) on eggs kept at 25°C. Both biological control agents reduced the crawlers’ population by 50% after 11 days. Eggs treated with L. muscarium showed low mortality, but their development was slowed down. Fungi seen on the surface of the eggs invaded the first instars. Field trials are underway. Keywords: Beech bark disease, Cryptococcus fagisuga, Neonectria faginata, Lecanicillium muscarium, entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana 1. INTRODUCTION American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) forests suffer significant mortality caused by beech bark disease (BBD); this complex disease has a permanent negative impact on the forest ecosystem in North America. A symposium on this important disease was held in New York State to summarize the status of our knowledge on BBD, and to identify the most important knowledge gaps of this phenomenon (Evans et al., 2005). Rapidly spreading across eastern North America, BBD involves a preliminary attack by the beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. and fungal species of the genus Nectria (Ehrlich, 1934), now known under the genus Neonectria (Figure 1). The insect C. fagisuga was introduced into Canada from Europe, around 1890, through European beech (F. sylvatica L.) seedlings planted as ornamentals in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 194
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