sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi

SDÜ Faculty of Forestry Journal
year after their development (up to 64% of 1-yr losses). Later on the fungus can
survive for long time on old cones on the ground under the canopy (up to 80% of
old cones sampled). Large part of these cones, confirming Munck and Stanosz
(2009), produced available inoculum, able to germinate in 6 h at 25°C and able to
infect the new cones generation.
Ranking the most common types of damage on the harvested mature cones, we
found that large part of losses can be attributed to D. pinea, followed by small
mammals and insects, including L. occidentalis. However the occurrence of the
fungus was clearly related with site conditions and was more pronounced in humid
areas whilst was lower in dry forests where insects and small mammals prevailed.
On the basis of this data seed losses related to L. occidentalis were not so
evident. Probably the role of the insect is more dangerous during the early stages of
cone growth and also it remain difficult to be detected on mature cones.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to the Regional Agricultural Agency of Tuscany, (ARSIA)
and its Monitoring service (META) for the financial support during the
investigation. Prof. Riziero Tiberi, Forest Entomologists from DIBA, is also
acknowledged for useful suggestions and help for insects identification.
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