sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi

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SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal Serial: A, Number: Special Issue, Year: 2009, ISSN: 1302-7085, Page: 243-244 THREATENING TREE DISEASE IN EAST AFRICA Pia BARKLUND 1* , Jane NJUGUNA 1,2 , Abdella GURE 3 , Philip NYEKO 4 , Katarina IHRMARK 1 and Jan STENLID 1 1 Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology SLU, Box 7026,75007 Uppsala Sweden. 2 Kenya Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 20412 Nairobi City Square 00200, Kenya. 3 Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 128 Shashemane Ethiopia 4 Department of Forest Biology and Ecosystems Management, Makerere University,P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. ABSTRACT *pia.barklund@mykopat.slu.se Severe and extensive outbreaks of a dieback and canker disease have recently been observed on Grevillea robusta in Kenya, Uganda and to a lesser extent in Ethiopia. Grevillea is an excellent agroforestry tree species grown intensively in east Africa to improve agricultural land use and rural livelihoods, and provide food security. Our recent studies on the disease indicate that 50-80% tree mortality occurs on severely infected farms. It is caused by Botryosphaeria spp., a fungal genus containing many species and more than one pathogenic species can occur in diseased trees. Samples were taken from Grevillea trees growing in different agroecological zones and from some other tree species with similar symptoms. Morphological and molecular methods were used to identify species and to study differences between populations in different agroecological zones as well as countries. The disease is more severe in dry areas than wet ones, emphasizing the need for proper species-site matching. Several other tree species, including indigenous and exotics, were found infected by Botryosphaeria in the region. Especially alarming is the attack on different Eucalyptus species. Such disease outbreaks may be attributed to increased tree planting in agroforestry and commercial tree plantations in the region. Increased acreage and number of trees/ha leads to an enlarged number of potential hosts, and a larger population size for pathogens to evolve genetically into more aggressive genotypes. Moreover, complex threats can arise when previously isolated fungal species brought together by human interference hybridize posing threats to tree hosts previously immune from their effects. Implications of the dieback and canker disease on the scaling up of agroforestry technologies and commercial forestry in the region are discussed. Kewords: Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus spp. Botryosphaeria, dieback and canker disease 243
References: SDÜ Faculty of Forestry Journal Toljander, Y. Toljander ,Y.K., Nyeko, P., Stenström, E., Ihrmark, K. and Barklund, P. 2007. First Report of Canker and Dieback Disease of Grevillea robusta in East Africa Caused by Botryosphaeria spp. Plant Disease 91(6):773 + suppl. Abdella, G., Slippers, B. Stenlid, J., 2005. Seed-borne Botryosphaeria spp. from native Prunus and Podocarpus trees in Ethiopia, with a description of the anamorph Diplodia rosulata sp. nov. Mycol. Res. 109 (9): 1005–1014. Gezahgne, A., Roux, J and Wingfield, M., 2003. Diseases of exotic Eucalyptus and pinus species in Ethiopian plantations. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99:29. 244
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