sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi
sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi
sdu faculty of forestry journal special edition 2009 - Orman Fakültesi
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SDÜ ORMAN FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ<br />
obtained for each cone and used for germinability test on 2% Malt-agar in Petri<br />
dishes at 25°C for 6 hours (Cambi, 2008).<br />
2.3. Assessing the sanitary conditions <strong>of</strong> harvested mature cones (3 yrs-old).<br />
Pinewood areas MSRM-1, MSRM-2, and PNM. In order to evaluate the occurrence<br />
<strong>of</strong> damage on cones ready to the extraction process, about 3000 cone samples were<br />
collected (1000 from each previously mentioned area). Symptoms <strong>of</strong> damages, if<br />
present, were visually detected and classified according their main causes: insects<br />
(Dioryctria sp., Ernobius impressithorax, Pissodes validirostris), L. occidentalis,<br />
small mammals (Dormouse, Glis glis; Squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris), Diplodia pinea<br />
and abiotics. Total observed: 3045 cones (Migliarino 1045, Tirrenia 1000, Alberese<br />
1000).<br />
2.4. Test seed viability. Pinewood areas MSRM-1, MSRM-2, and PNM. From<br />
a sample <strong>of</strong> 100 cones, 80 affected by D. pinea and 20 apparently healthy as<br />
control (see 2.3) all seeds were extracted and than checked for their viability<br />
conditions, first visually and later by using the Tetrazolium Test (International<br />
Seed Testing Association., 2003; 2007; Feducci, 2007).<br />
3. RESULTS<br />
3.1. Occurrence <strong>of</strong> D. pinea on cones <strong>of</strong> different age.<br />
a) Immature 1-2 yr-old cones. D. pinea is a fungal parasite quite common in<br />
young pine cones. After evaluation about 64% <strong>of</strong> 1-yr old and 36% <strong>of</strong> 2-yrs old<br />
cones were affected by the fungus. Percentages <strong>of</strong> apparently healthy cones<br />
increase according to their age (Table 1).<br />
Table 1. Occurrence <strong>of</strong> Diplodia pinea on Pinus pinea cones <strong>of</strong> different age.<br />
Cone conditions Apparently<br />
healthy<br />
1 year-old cones 2 years- old cones<br />
Affected by<br />
D. pinea<br />
43<br />
Apparently<br />
Healthy<br />
Affected by<br />
D. pinea<br />
data in % 36.6±13.9 63.4±13.9 66.7±4.3 33.3±4.5<br />
b) Mature and old cones lying on the ground. Observations on cones on the<br />
ground under the crown <strong>of</strong> pines show that the number <strong>of</strong> old ones was quite<br />
relevant. The percentage <strong>of</strong> cones having more than 50% <strong>of</strong> scales covered by D.<br />
pinea was also consistent (Table 2).<br />
Table 2. Occurrence <strong>of</strong> pycnidia <strong>of</strong> Diplodia pinea on Pinus pinea cones.<br />
Cone<br />
Age <strong>of</strong> cones Occurrence <strong>of</strong> D. pinea on cones*<br />
conditions 1 yr 2 yrs >2 yrs 0 1 2 3<br />
Data in %<br />
±st<br />
6,7±0,8 12,1±5,6 81,2±4,0 5,9±2,1 7,4±1,1 15,0±0,2 71,3±3,<br />
2
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