A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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Table 1-2. Results of simulation which assumes mean r = 0,5 = 0.21 for population sizes corresponding to classification criteria ix this plan. The last columnis given for comparison so that managers can easily see the amount of time for research and management actions from the abundance threshold levels if a population was to start declining at a rate that would warrant endangered status (i.e.. r ~ -0.05). POPULATION SIZE (PAIRS) PROBABILITY OF EXTINCTION IN 500 YEARS YEARS TO REACH CRITICAL WITH r = -0.051 2,000 0.102 36 3,000 0.081 45 5,000 0.063 57 6,000 0.056 58 8,500 0.050 65 10,000 0.048 65 25,000 0.025 106 Appendix I - Page 16
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX I Cooch, F. G. 1965. Breeding biology and management of the Northern Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis) in the Cape Dorset area, Northwest Territories. Can. Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Manage. Bull. Ser. 2 No. 10. ____________ 1986. The numbers of nesting Northern Eiders on the West Foxe Islands, NWT, in 1956 and 1976. In A. Reed (ed.) Eider ducks in Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service, 1141 route de l’i~glise, Ste-Foy, Que, GLV 4H5. Pages 114-118. Coulson, I. C. 1984. The population dynamics of the Eider Duck Somateria mollissima and evidence of extensive non-breeding by adult ducks. Ibis 126:525-543. Dau, C. P. 1974. Nesting biology of the Spectacled Eider on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 72pp. ____________ and A.A. Kistchinski. 1977. Seasonal movements and distribution of the spectacled eider. Wildfowl 28:65-75. Dennis, B., Munholland, P. L., and J. M. Scott. 1991. Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species. Ecol. Monog. 61:115-143. Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soul~. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York. Gilpin, M.E. 1990. The genetic effective size of a metapopulation. Biological J. Linn. Soc. 42: 165-175. ____________ and M.E. Soul& 1986. Minimum viable populations: the processes of species extinctions. Pp. 13-34 In M.E. Soul6 (ed.) Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Ginzburg, L. R., S. Ferson, and H. R. Ak~akaya. 1990. Reconstructibility of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks. Conservation Biology 4:63-70. Goodman, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinction. In M.E. Soul6 (ed.) Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge England. Hario, M. and K. Selin. 1988. Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size, and nest site preferences. Finnish Game Res. 45:3-10. Appendix I -Page 17
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
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A final consideration involves info
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Trend data are analyzed to inform w
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Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
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thresholds are not “magic numbers
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Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
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Criteria for Delisting from Threate
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The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
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concordance in their descriptions o
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data on both levels and effects oft
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implicated. In the absence of histo
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. - currently small size of the YKD
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implementation of the Memoranda ofA
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. take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
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. AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
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. Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
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B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
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. Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
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. feasible if post-fledging staging
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presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
Page 140 and 141: where x = age. The fertility rate i
Page 142 and 143: of older females: (1) older females
Page 144 and 145: RESULTS Solutions for single cause
Page 146 and 147: 0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
Page 148 and 149: growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
Page 150 and 151: decline, by far the fastest way to
Page 152 and 153: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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