A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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___________ 1 964a. Observations on the biology ofthe spectacled eider. Wildfowl 15:104- 107. - __________ 1964b. Comparative behavior and relationships ofthe eiders. Condor 66:113- 129. Johnson, C.B. 1995. Abundance and distribution of eiders on the Colville River delta, Alaska, 1994. Unpubl. Rept. for ARGO Alaska, Inc. Anchorage, AK. Johnson, L.L. 1971. The migration, harvest, and importance ofwaterfowl at Barrow, - - Alaska. M.S. thesis, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 87 p. Johnson, S.R., and D.R. Herter. 1989. The birds ofthe Beaufort Sea. BP Exploration Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. 372 p. Kertell, K. 1991. Disappearance ofthe Steller’s eider from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Arctic 44:177-187. Kessel, B. 1989. Birds ofthe Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Univ. Alaska Press., Fairbanks, AK. King, J.G., and C.J.Lensink. 1971. An evaluation ofAlaska habitat for migratory birds. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wild. Serv., Washington, DC. __________ and C.P. Dau. 1981. Waterfowl and their habitats in the eastern Bering Sea. Pages 739-753 in Hood, D.W., and JA. Calder (eds.), The eastern Bering Sea shelf: Oceanography and resources. Vol. 2, Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, WA. ___________ and D.V. Derksen. 1986. Alaska goose populations: Past, present and future. Pages 464-479 in Trans. 51st N. Am. WildI. and Nat. Res. Conf. Kistchinski, A.A. 1973. Waterfowl in north-east Asia. Wildfowl 24:88-102. - __________ and V.E. Flint. 1974. On the biology of the spectacled eider. Wildfowl 25:5- 15. Klein, D.R. 1966. Waterfowl in the economy of the Eskimos on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Arctic 19:319-336. Kondratev, A.V., and L.V. Zadonna. 1992. Comparative ecology ofthe king eider Somateria spectabilis and spectacled eider Somateriafischeri on the Chaun tundra. Zool. Zhur. 71:99-108. (in Russian; translation by J. Pearce, National Biological Survey, Anchorage, AK). 80
Krechmar, A.V., A.V. Andreev, and A.Ya. Kondratev. 1991. Birds ofthe northern plains. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. (In Russian; translation by C.P. Dau, U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Cold Bay, AK). Laing, K., and B. Platte. 1994. Ledyard and Peard Bays spectacled eider surveys, August 18- 19, 1994. Unpubl. Trip Rept. U.S. Fish and WildI. Serv. Anchorage, AK. Larned, W., and G. Balogh. 1994. Eider breeding population survey, Alaska arctic coastal plain, 1993. Unpubl. Prog. Rept., U.S. Fish and WildI. Serv., Anchorage, AK. __________ and B. McCaffery. 1993. Norton Sound eider survey, August 30-31, 1993. Unpubl. Trip Rept., U.S. Fish and WildI. Serv. Anchorage, AK. Mayfield, H. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bull. 73:255-261. ___________ 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bull. 87:456-466. Mickelson, PG. 1975. Breeding biology ofcackling geese and associated species on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. 45. Moorman, A. 1990. Effects ofsaline drinking water on the growth and development of mottled duck ducklings. MS. Thesis. State Univ. ofNY, Syracuse. 27 p. Moran, T. 1995. Nesting ecology ofspectacled eiders on Kigigak Island, Yukon Delta NWR, Alaska, 1994. Unpubl. Rept. U. S. Fish and WildI. Serv., Bethel, AK. Moran, T. 1996. Nesting ecology of Spectacled Eiders on Kigigak Island, Yukon Delta NWR, Alaska, 1995. Unpubl. Rept. U.S. Fish and WildI. Sery., Bethel, AK. __________ and G.M. Harwood. 1994. Nesting ecology, brood survival, and movements of spectacled eiders on Kigigak Island, Yukon Delta NWR, Alaska, 1993. Unpubl. Rept. U.S. Fish and WildI. Serv. Bethel, AK. Murie, O.J. 1924. Report on investigations ofbirds and mammals ofthe Hooper Bay section ofAlaska during the spring and summer of 1924. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., Washington, DC. Murphy, S.M., and BA. Anderson. 1992. Effects ofthe Lisburne oil development project on geese nesting in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 1985-1989. Proc. 7th N. Am. Arctic Goose Conference and Workshop, 7-12 Jan 1992, Vallejo, CA. (Abstract) McRoy, C.P., SW. Stoker, G.E. Hall, and E. Muktoyuk. 1971. Winter observations of mammals and birds, St. Matthew Island. Arctic 24:63-64. 81
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
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A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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