A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natural history collections made in Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881. Arctic Ser. PubI. No. 3, U.S. Signal Service, Washington, DC. Nikishin, V.P. 1988. Ultrastructure ofembryonal membranes ofPolymorphus magmis. Parazitologiya 22:100-103. __________ and G.P. Krasnoshchekov. 1986. Micromorphology ofthe ‘central mass’ of Acanthors in the AcanthocephalaPolymorphis magnus. Tsitologiya 28:1261-1263. North, M.R. 1990. Distribution, abundance, and status ofSpectacled Eiders in arctic Alaska. Unpubl. Rept. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Anchorage, AK. O’Neill, E.J. 1979. Fourteen years ofgoose populations and trends at Klamath Basin Refuges. Pages 316-321 in R.L. Jarvis and J.C. Bartonek, eds., Management and Biology ofPacific Flyway Geese. OSU Bookstores, Inc., Corvallis, OR. Palmer, R.S. 1976. Handbook ofNorth American Birds. Vol. 3. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. Petersen, M.R., D.C. Douglas, and D.M. Mulcahy. 1995. Use ofimplanted satellite transmitters to locate spectacled eiders at-sea. Condor 97:276-278. Phillips, J.C. 1922-1926. A natural history of the ducks. Vol. 4, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. 489 p. Portenko, L.A. 1952. Age and seasonal changes in eider plumages. Trudy Zool. Inst. AN.,USSR, Vol. IX, No.4, 1100-1132. (Can. Wildl. Serv. translation). ____________ 1972. Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island. Vol. 2, Nauka, Leningrad, USSR (in Russian). Raveling, D.G. 1984. Geese and hunters of Alaska’s Yukon Delta: Management problems and political dilemmas. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 49:555-575. Regel, K.V. 1986. Development oflarvocysts ofthe cyclocerus type. Parazitologiya 20:188-194. ____________ and S.K. Bondarenko. 1982. The systematic status and life-cycles of Wardium reu~~cta (Linstow, 1905) n. comb, and W. pararetracta n. sp. (Cyclophyllidae, Hymenolepididae). Zool. Zhurnal 61:325-335. 82
Ritchie, R.J., and A.A. Stickney. 1991. Brant distribution and productivity in the North Slope oilfields. Alaska Bird Conference and Workshop, 19-22 Nov. 1991, Anchorage, AK. (Abstract) Rothe, T.C., C.J. Markon, L.L. Hawkins, and P.S. Koehl. 1983. Waterbird populations and habitat analysis of the Colville River Delta, Alaska: 1981 summary report. Unpubl. Prog. Rept. prepared by Office of Special Studies, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Anchorage, AK. Ryder, J.P. 1967. ~Thebreeding biology of Ross’ goose in the Perry River region, NWT. - Can. Wildl. Serv., Rept. Ser. No. 3. Sayles, M.A., K. Aagaard, and L.K. Coachman. 1979. Oceanographic atlas ofthe Bering Sea basin. Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, WA. 158 p. Schiller, E.L. 1954. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska XVIII. Cestode parasites of young Anseriformes on the Yukon Delta nesting grounds. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 73:194-201. ____________ 1955. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska XXIII. Some cestode parasites of the eider ducks. J. Parasitol. 41:79-88. Schmidt-Nielsen, K., and Y.T. Kim. 1964. The effect of salt intake on the size and function of the salt gland ofducks. Auk 81:160-172. Skakuj, M. 1990. Identification of the eiders Somateria mollissima, spectablis, fischeri and Polysucta. Limicola 4:285-306. (In German, English summary). Smith, L.N., L.C. Byrne, C.B. Johnson, and A.A. Stickney. 1994. Wildlife studies on the Colville River Delta, Alaska, 1993. Unpubl. Rept. for Arco Alaska, Inc. Anchorage, AK. Stehn, R.A., C.P. Dau, B. Conant, and W.I. Butler, Jr. 1993. Decline of spectacled eiders nesting in western Alaska. Arctic 46:264-277. Stishov, M.S. 1992. Bird community of the lower Ekvivatap River (Vancarem Lowland, Chukotka). Russ. J. Ornithol. 1:245-251. (In Russian, English summary). Strang, CA. 1976. Feeding behavior and ecology of glaucous gulls in western Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. 145 p. Taylor, B.L., and T. Gerrodette. 1993. The uses of statistical power in conservation biology: the baquita and northern spotted owl. Conserv. Biol. 7:489-500. 83
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
Page 10 and 11:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
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A final consideration involves info
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Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
Page 140 and 141: where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
Page 152 and 153:
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
Page 154 and 155:
APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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