A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Appendix Ill). Since epidermal aging <strong>of</strong> a population could be accomplished in a single<br />
season, this approach could substantially reduce <strong>the</strong> need for time-intensive <strong>and</strong> more<br />
disruptive survivorship <strong>and</strong> productivity studies. Epidermal aging has been successfully<br />
developed for mammals. This approach needs to be evaluated fur<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s<br />
(preliminary efforts in 1994 were encouraging). If implementation tests are successful, all<br />
breeding populations should be sampled.<br />
C2. Describe <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong> reproduction <strong>and</strong> survival rates. Obtaining valid<br />
demographic data for <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s is necessary to refine <strong>the</strong> demographic population<br />
model <strong>and</strong> evaluate changes in <strong>the</strong> values used for model parameters. Population modeling<br />
will require survivorship data from all life stages. Detailed demographic modeling is needed<br />
to illuminate probable causes for <strong>the</strong> population decline <strong>and</strong> obstacles to recovery. It is also<br />
critical for calculating extinction <strong>and</strong> recovery times for various population sizes. Fur<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
demographic comparisons between <strong>the</strong> three populations will shed light on possible distinctions<br />
between <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir distinct recovery needs.<br />
C2. 1. Quantify annual survival <strong>and</strong> fecundity <strong>of</strong>adult females. Annual survival <strong>and</strong><br />
fecundity estimates are needed for adult female eiders. The ongoing survivorship study<br />
relies on marking with color markers <strong>and</strong> re-sighting marked birds. Annual survival<br />
should be estimated for a 3- to 5-year period in at least two study areas within each<br />
population. Initial marking began in 1993 at two study areas on <strong>the</strong> YKD. Required<br />
sample sizes will need to be refined based on preliminary return observations, so that<br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>sis tests about survival have sufficient statistical power (0.8).<br />
In addition to survival rates, observations <strong>of</strong> marked birds will provide data on <strong>the</strong><br />
breeding frequency among breeding-age females. If non-breeding females return to <strong>the</strong><br />
nesting ground, it may also be possible to measure <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong>breeding to non-breeding<br />
females directly <strong>and</strong> determine if annual changes in <strong>the</strong> ratio can be detected. Depending<br />
on sample sizes, survivorship may be compared between successful, unsuccessful, <strong>and</strong> nonbreeding<br />
females, or between females exposed <strong>and</strong> not exposed to lead. Combined with<br />
data from radio <strong>and</strong> satellite transmitters attached to breeding females (task B2. 1), marking<br />
will also help to determine <strong>the</strong> distance females move from previous years’ nest sites <strong>and</strong><br />
augment our underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> nest site philopatry.<br />
Alternative marking methods that are more efficient may be developed in <strong>the</strong> future, such<br />
as remote marker detection. These methods should be assessed <strong>and</strong> implemented in place<br />
<strong>of</strong>color marking where appropriate <strong>and</strong> feasible. The alternative approach <strong>of</strong> measuring<br />
instantaneous population age structure (see task Cl) may also supplant <strong>the</strong> need for multiyear<br />
survivorship studies in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
C2. 1.1. Implement adult female <strong>and</strong> brood survivorship studies on <strong>the</strong> YKD<br />
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