A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and J.F. Cochrane. In press. A Bayesian approach to classification criteria for Spectacled eiders. Ecological Applications. Tichotsky, J. 1991. Use and allocation of natural resources in the Chukotka Autonomous District. ISER, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. Troy Ecological Research Associates. 1993. Distribution and abundance of Spectacled Eiders in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: 1992 status. Unpubl. Rept. for BP Exploration Alaska, Inc., Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department, Anchorage, AK. ___________ 1995. Distribution and abundance of Spectacled Eiders in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 1991-1993. Unpubi. Rept. for BP Exploration Alaska, Inc., Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department, Anchorage, AK. Turner, L.M. 1886. Contributions to the natural history of Alaska: Results of investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian Islands. Arctic Ser. Publ. No. 2, U.S. Signal Service, Washington, DC. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Policy and guidelines for planning and coordinating recovery of endangered and threatened species. Division of Endangered Species, Washington, DC. ____________ 1996. Policy regarding the recognition of distinct vertebrate population segments under the Endangered Species Act. FR Vol. 61, No. 26, February 7, 1996, p. 4721-4725. Uspenskii, S.M. 1984. Life in high latitudes: A study ofbird life. Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 385 p. Warnock, N.D., and D.M. Troy. 1992. Distribution and abundance of spectacled eiders at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: 1991. Unpubl. Rept. for BP Exploration Alaska, Inc., Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department, Anchorage, AK. Wilson, E.O. 1980. Sociobiology. The abridged edition. The Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press., Cambridge, MA. 366 pp. 84
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION CITATIONS Betty Anderson, ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. Gregory R. Balogh, Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. Timothy D. Bowman, Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. Jean Cochrane, Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. Christian P. Dau, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cold Bay, AK. Andrei Degtyarev, Yakutsk Institute of Biology, Yakutsk, Russian Republic. William D. Eldridge, Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. Daniel Esler, Alaska Science Center, National Biological Service, Anchorage, AK. Paul Flint, Alaska Science Center, National Biological Service, Anchorage, AK. J. Barry Grand, Alaska Science Center, National Biological Service, Anchorage, AK. Christopher Harwood, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bethel, AK. James Helmericks, Colville Village, AK. Glen Howe, Alymer, Ontario, Canada. William W. Lamed, Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. Tina Moran, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bethel, AK. Margaret R. Petersen, Alaska Science Center, National Biological Service, Anchorage, AK. 85
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
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A final consideration involves info
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Trend data are analyzed to inform w
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Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
Page 140 and 141: where x = age. The fertility rate i
Page 142 and 143: of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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