A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (eds.). 1952. Birds ofthe Soviet Union, Vol. 4. Translated by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations in 1967. National Tech. Info. Serv., U.S. Dept. Comm., Springfield, VA. Derksen, D.V., T.C. Rothe, and W.D. Eldridge. 1981. Use ofwetland habitats in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. U.S. Fish and WildI. Serv., Res. Pub. 141. Dufresne, F. 1924. Report on investigations ofbirds and mammals ofthe Hooper Bay section ofAlaska during the spring and summer of 1924. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., Washington, DC. Ely, C.R., C.P. Dau, and C.A. Babcock. 1994. Decline in a population ofspectacled eiders nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Northwest. Nat. 75:81-87. Esler, D., and J.B. Grand. 1994. The role ofnutrient reserves for clutch formation by northern pintails in Alaska. Condor 96:422-432. Everett, W.T., M. L. Ward, and J.J. Brueggeman. 1989. Birds observed in the central Bering Sea pack ice in February and March 1983. Le Gerfaut 79:159-166. Fay, F.H., and T.J. Cade. 1959. An ecological analysis ofthe avifauna ofSt. Lawrence Island Alaska. Univ. ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, CA. 149 p. ___________ 1961. The distribution of waterfowl on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Wildfowl 12:70-80. ____________ B.P. Kelly, and J.L. Sease. 1989. Managing the exploitation of Pacific walruses: a tragedy of delayed response and poor communication. Marine Mammal Sci. 5:1-16. Flint, P.L., and J.B. Grand. In Press. Survival of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing. J. Wildl. Manage. 0(0)000-000. Franson, J.C., M.R. Petersen, C.U. Meteyer, and M.R. Smith. 1995. Lead poisoning of spectacled eiders (Somazeriafiseheri) and of a common eider (Somatena mollissima) in Alaska. J. Wild. Diseases 31:268-271. Garner, G.W., and P.E. Reynolds (eds). 1986. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain Resource-Assessment. Final Rept., Baseline Study of the Fish, Wildlife, and their Habitats. Vol. I. 78
Gilhiam, C.E. 1941. Report on waterfowl investigations, summer 1941, lower Yukon River, Chevak, Hooper Bay. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Washington, DC. ___________ 1942. Report on waterfowl, Hooper Bay, Alaska, 1942. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Washington, DC. Goudie, R.I., A.V. Kondratyev, S. Brault, M.R. Petersen, B. Conant, and K. Vermeer. 1994. The status of sea ducks in the North Pacific Rim: Toward their conservation and management. Pages 2749 in Martell, A.M., and A.W. Palmisano, eds., Conserving international resources of the North Pacific Rim. Trans. 59th N. Am. Wildl. and Nat. Res. Conf. (1994). Wildl. Manage. Inst. Publ. Harwood, C.M. and T. Moran. 1991. Nesting chronology, reproductive success, and brood rearing for Spectacled and Common Eiders on Kigigak Island, 1991. Unpubl. Rept. U.S. Fish andWildl. Serv., Bethel, AK. ____________ and T. Moran. 1993. Productivity, brood survival, and mortality factors for spectacled eiders on Kigigak Island, Yukon Delta NWR, Alaska, 1992. Unpubl. Rept. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Bethel, AK. Hillgarth, N., and J. Kear. 1979. Diseases of seaducks in captivity. Wildfowl 30:135-141. Hodges, J.I., and W.D. Eldridge. 1994. Aerial waterfowl surveys on the arctic coast of Eastern Russia, 1993. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Anchorage, AK. ___________ and W.D. Eldridge. 1995. Aerial waterfowl surveys on the arctic coast of Eastern Russia, 1994. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Washington, DC. Hood, D.W., and E.J. Kelly (eds). 1974. Oceanography of the Bering Sea, with emphasis on renewable resources. Occas. Pap. No. 2, Inst. Marine Sci., Univ. Alaska., Fairbanks, AK. ___________ and J.A. Calder (eds). 1981. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. Vol. 2, Univ. Wash. Press., Seattle, WA. 1339 p. Humphrey, P.S. 1958. Classification and systematic position of the eiders. Condor 60:129-135. Johnsgard, P.A. 1960. Classification and evolutionary relationships ofthe sea ducks. Condor 62:426-433. 79 ~ —— ~
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
Page 6 and 7:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
Page 8 and 9:
TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
Page 10 and 11:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
Page 12 and 13:
A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
Page 148 and 149:
growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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