A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1 LITERATURE CITATION u ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LIST OF FIGURES I. INTRODUCTION A. Status of the Spectacled Eider Reasons for Listing Status and Trends B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles to Recovery Factors Affecting Survival on the Breeding Grounds Factors Affecting Survival At Sea . C. Current Management U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Other Federal Agencies, State Agencies, D. Natural History of the Spectacled Eider Nomenclature and Description Distribution and Abundance Life History and Ecology Habitat E. Distinct Population Segments II. RECOVERY A. Objective and Criteria Overview Uncertainty in Decision-making Thresholds Criteria for Reclassifying from Threatened to Endangered Criteria for Reclassifying from Endangered to Threatened Criteria for Delisting from Threatened Status Estimated date for completion of recovery B. Strategies for Recovery C. Narrative Outline ofRecovery Tasks vi iii iv x 1 .2 .9 and Native Organizations 11 2 6 8 12 12 18 24 26 29 29 .. 33 36 37 38 38 39
LITERATURE CITED Management Actions Abundance and Distribution Population Dynamics Contaminants Food Habits Harvest Levels Predation Genetics Diseases, Parasites, and Physiological Condition PERSONAL COMMUNICATION CITATIONS m. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV APPENDIX V vil 46 54 59 68 70 71 71 72 73 75 85 87 Appendix I - Page 1 Appendix II - Page 1 Appendix III- Page 1 Appendix IV - Page 1 Appendix V - Page 1
Page 2 and 3: SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
Page 4 and 5: LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
Page 6 and 7: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
Page 12 and 13: A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
Page 14 and 15: ) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
Page 16 and 17: B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
Page 18 and 19: Increasing interest in avicultural
Page 20 and 21: Other conservation measures include
Page 22 and 23: D. Natural History of the Spectacle
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
Page 26 and 27: DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
Page 28 and 29: helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
Page 30 and 31: geographic populations, because imm
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 34 and 35: their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59:
. - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61:
implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63:
. take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65:
. AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67:
. Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69:
B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71:
. Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
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. feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75:
presumed that their activities have
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contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79:
limited ability to withstand additi
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surface after a year and is no long
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. The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
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is inadequate to sustain “normal
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___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89:
Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
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___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93:
Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
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________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97:
Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99:
KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101:
TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103:
TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105:
TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107:
— TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109:
TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111:
TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113:
The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115:
This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117:
Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119:
0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
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emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123:
) critical population size; and (2)
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40%. The population growth rate cri
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Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
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Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
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APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
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The likelihood function for the par
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initial sample. Then the O~ were re
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LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139:
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
Page 144 and 145:
RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
Page 148 and 149:
growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
Page 152 and 153:
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
Page 154 and 155:
APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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