A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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surface after a year and is no longer available to foraging ducks. Because soil dynamics are different in sub-arctic and arctic wetlands, the long-term behavior oflead shot at higher latitudes is not known. Controlled, site-specific studies ofmulti-year lead shot behavior should be conducted in principal substrates found in arctic and sub-arctic wetlands used by foraging Spectacled Eiders. D6. 1. Investigate lead shot persistence and availability on the YKD. This task was initiated in 1994. D6.2. Investigate lead shot persistence and availability on the NS This task will only be needed ifeider screening (task D4.2) indicates a problem with lead exposure on the NS. A study oflead shot persistence on the NS potentially would illuminate concerns for both NS and AR nesting populations, since wetland soils at similar latitudes might be similar. D7. Determine contaminant sources. transport modes. and uptake mechanisms. If contaminants are determined .to be a factor affecting Spectacled Eiders (tasks C5. 1 and Dl), studies should be initiated to trace contaminants to their source(s) (also see task D3). D8. Design and implement a monitoring program to assess contaminant levels in each population over time. Ifcontaminants are determined to be adversely affecting Spectacled Eiders (tasks Dl and CS. 1), a long-term monitoring program should be implemented. E. ERilahlila El. Assess eider diets in marine habitats used during summer, molting. fall staging. winter, and ~pring..~iaging. Knowledge ofeider diets is necessary to understand potential obstacles to recovery such as contaminants and competition. El. 1. Assess food habits from incidentally obtained data. Collecting adequate sample sizes for a traditional food habits study (i.e., shooting tens ofbirds or more), may not be an acceptable approach for a threatened species. Thus, food habits information should first be gathered incidentally from dead birds and birds collected for other purposes (ongoing). El.2. Develop means ofcapturing live Spectacled Eiders for marine diet sampling. Task El. 1 may not result in adequate information about food habits. Iffood habits could be determined without killing birds, then more accurate information about diet would be possible without adverse effects on the population. Techniques for capturing live eiders at-sea should be developed. El.3. Determine food habits in marine environments. Stomach samples should be obtained by methods developed in task El .2, iffeasible. Ifmethods for capturing live eiders at-sea cannot be developed, then the population effects ofcollecting a valid sample ofwild birds should be determined (see task C5.7). Ifthese population effects would not threaten any of the populations, then collections should be implemented to assess eider diets in marine 70
. habitats. Whenever wild birds are collected, data required for all pertinent tasks (e.g., contaminants, physiological conditions, diet, plumage) should be obtained. F. Hazi~L.Lcxda Fl. Assess annual subsistence harvest of Spectacled Eiders. Subsistence harvest ofSpectacled Eiders and their eggs should be monitored. The magnitude, distribution, and sex and age composition ofthe harvest should be determined, preferably annually for all important locations. Subsistence harvest surveyors should be trained and prepared to both provide and solicit information concerning eiders. Anecdotal information on harvest traditions should be collected to help direct and design scientific sampling and also to illuminate the possible range ofhistorical harvest levels. Harvest survey tasks may be especially suitable for cooperative or contract work as developed under the Memoranda ofAgreement (task A4). Fl. 1. Re-analyze subsistence harvest data of Spectacled Eiders on the YKD and redesign I~UUY~YL The precision ofsubsistence harvest estimates from the YKD might be improved substantially with alternative analysis techniques. The data should be re-analyzed to calculate harvest levels in only the strata in which Spectacled Eiders were harvested. Adjusted estimates for harvest and annual variation will be used for hypothesis evaluation (task C5.3). This analysis should also direct re-design ofthe harvest surveys to improve precision. Fl .2. Continue Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and St. Lawrence Island subsistence harvest ~liD~~L Annual subsistence harvest surveys have been conducted on the YKD since 1985 and on St. Lawrence Island since 1993. Ifre-analysis and re-stratification (task Fl. 1) do not improve precision sufficiently to permit hypothesis testing about harvest impacts, then options for revising methodology should be explored. Future surveys should be designed to assess and improve accuracy, provide precise harvest estimates, and evaluate the effectiveness of harvest reduction programs. Fl.3. Determine harvest levels on the NS and in the Bering Strait region (other than St La~r~n~1~1nnd). Spectacled Eiders are harvested in several villages where harvest surveys are not currently conducted, but the distribution and quantity of harvest in the Bering Strait and on the NS are not known. Surveys that provide precise, accurate harvest information are needed for all Alaskan villages where Spectacled Eiders are likely to be taken. F 1.4. Assess the feasibility ofinitiating a harvest survey in Russia. The harvest level in Russia is unknown. Anecdotal data should guide establishment ofa subsistence harvest survey in AR. This task may also include gathering information on non-subsistence harvest and scientific collecting (see task A12). G. Er~dnIism 01. Assess fox predation levels on Spectacled Eider productivity. Current fox predation rates should be determined at a number of sites to assess predation rates throughout the populations. 71
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
Page 30 and 31: geographic populations, because imm
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 34 and 35: their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
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APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
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The likelihood function for the par
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initial sample. Then the O~ were re
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LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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