A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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limited ability to withstand additional physiological stresses such as reduced waterproofing of feathers. Data on vessel traffic, bilge pumping, oil spills and chronic oiling should be compiled in a GIS data base. Once rates of potential chronic oiling in at-sea Spectacled Eiders are determined, effects on eider populations should be evaluated (this task may overlap with tasks C5.2 and C5.5). CS. 10. Prepare summary report on diseases and parasites. A thorough literature review should be completed to identify common diseases and parasites that may affect eiders and to determine their potential prevalence in the population. Based on known effects in other species and any sampling of Spectacled Eiders (task Ii), the possible impact of diseases and parasites on eider survival and fecundity should be determined to assess the potential contribution to observed declines. D. £~ntaminanIs Dl. Determine contaminants levels in the three Spectacled Eider populations. Except for lead poisoning due to lead shot ingestion, nothing is known about the effects ofenvironmental contaminants on Spectacled Eiders. Preliminary tissue analyses from a few Spectacled Eiders suggest that some birds have elevated concentrations ofseveral elements, including selenium and cadmium. Implications ofthese elevated concentrations are poorly understood in sea ducks. In addition to metals, eiders may be exposed to organochlorine compounds, such as DDT and PCBs, and radioactive compounds from ocean dumping ofnuclear wastes. Only limited toxicological information, mainly restricted to mammalian species, is available for other northern species inhabiting the same geographical region as eiders. A small baseline sample ofSpectacled Eiders should be collected from their wintering areas and screened for presence, concentrations and variability ofcontaminants. To maximize the information gained from these birds, physiological and toxicological endpoints should also be measured. Ifother critical gaps have been identified (task CS. 1), and if baseline analysis indicates a potential problem, protocols for obtaining additional data on contaminant levels and associated physiological and histological status for individual populations should be implemented using the least-impact methods available. Potential population-level effects of collecting wild spectacled eiders should be identified before collection is authorized. Potential sources for the implicated contaminants in high-latitude marine environments should also be described. Incidentally collected carcasses should be necropsied and screened for contaminants. Collection ofa sample ofhealthy birds was completed in 1995. D2. Initiate contaminant exposure studies in captive birds. Depending on the results oftask CS. I and Dl, it may become important to determine the effects of high contaminant levels on eider physiology, survival, and reproduction. If necessary, specific physiological markers that could be tied to contaminant levels and effects should be evaluated in controlled trials with captive birds to develop methods for field sampling wild birds. Either captive Spectacled Eiders or similar species such as Common Eiders may be suitable for this study. 68
. D3. Determine contaminant levels in primary prey species and substrates. Once the Spectacled Eider’s primary prey are known (task El), prey and substrate contaminant levels can be determined. Assessing prey and substrate contamination will indicate the contaminant transport modes and exposure rates for Spectacled Eiders. D3. 1. - Determine contaminant levels in primary marine prey species and substrates D3.2. Determine contaminant levels in primary breedipg season prey species and substrates On the YKD, this task can be accomplished simultaneously with lead shot investigations (task D5.l). D4. Investigate the frequency ofexposure to ingested lead shot ofSpectacled Eiders and other species that use Spectacled Eider feeding habitats. Lead poisoning by ingestion oflead shot has been documented in Spectacled Eiders on the YKD. Studies are needed to determine: (1) what proportion ofthe Spectacled Eider population(s) is ingesting lead (e.g., whether or not lead poisoning is a limited, local event); and (2) how extensively lead shot is distributed in tundra ponds. D4. 1. Screen for exposure to lead within the YKD breeding population. Spectacled Eiders and sympatric species should be sampled for blood lead concentration and lead shot exposure frequency. Sites should be selected to represent a range ofhabitats used by each population (task initiated in 1993). D4.2. Screen for exposure to lead within NS breeding population. This task could be accomplished when birds are captured for telemetry (task B2. 1.2). Samples were collected in the Prudhoe Bay area in 1995. D4.3. Screen for exposure to lead within AR breeding population. Sampling should be conducted opportunistically in the course ofother projectsin which eiders are captured. (Initiated in 1995) D5. Investigate extent of lead shot occurrence in Spectacled Eider foraging habitats within n~flng..rang~. Iffeasible, Spectacled Eider foraging habitats within current breeding range should - be systematically sampled to determine lead shot distribution and accumulation levels. The priority ofthis task will depend on results ofeider screening (task D4). D5.l. Investigate lead shot distribution and density on the YKD D5.2. Investigate lead shot distribution and density on the NS D5.3. Investigate lead shot distribution and density in AR D6. Investigate lead shot persistence and availability to foraging eiders in coastal wetland h~kiiaIa. In temperate climate wetlands, waste lead shot typically sinks below the substrate 69
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
Page 28 and 29: helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
Page 30 and 31: geographic populations, because imm
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 34 and 35: their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85: is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
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Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
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APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
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The likelihood function for the par
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initial sample. Then the O~ were re
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LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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