A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
limited ability to withst<strong>and</strong> additional physiological stresses such as reduced waterpro<strong>of</strong>ing<br />
<strong>of</strong> fea<strong>the</strong>rs. Data on vessel traffic, bilge pumping, oil spills <strong>and</strong> chronic oiling should be<br />
compiled in a GIS data base. Once rates <strong>of</strong> potential chronic oiling in at-sea <strong>Spectacled</strong><br />
<strong>Eider</strong>s are determined, effects on eider populations should be evaluated (this task may<br />
overlap with tasks C5.2 <strong>and</strong> C5.5).<br />
CS. 10. Prepare summary report on diseases <strong>and</strong> parasites. A thorough literature review<br />
should be completed to identify common diseases <strong>and</strong> parasites that may affect eiders <strong>and</strong><br />
to determine <strong>the</strong>ir potential prevalence in <strong>the</strong> population. Based on known effects in o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
species <strong>and</strong> any sampling <strong>of</strong> <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s (task Ii), <strong>the</strong> possible impact <strong>of</strong> diseases <strong>and</strong><br />
parasites on eider survival <strong>and</strong> fecundity should be determined to assess <strong>the</strong> potential<br />
contribution to observed declines.<br />
D. £~ntaminanIs<br />
Dl. Determine contaminants levels in <strong>the</strong> three <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong> populations. Except for<br />
lead poisoning due to lead shot ingestion, nothing is known about <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong>environmental<br />
contaminants on <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s. Preliminary tissue analyses from a few <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s<br />
suggest that some birds have elevated concentrations <strong>of</strong>several elements, including selenium <strong>and</strong><br />
cadmium. Implications <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>se elevated concentrations are poorly understood in sea ducks. In<br />
addition to metals, eiders may be exposed to organochlorine compounds, such as DDT <strong>and</strong> PCBs,<br />
<strong>and</strong> radioactive compounds from ocean dumping <strong>of</strong>nuclear wastes. Only limited toxicological<br />
information, mainly restricted to mammalian species, is available for o<strong>the</strong>r nor<strong>the</strong>rn species<br />
inhabiting <strong>the</strong> same geographical region as eiders.<br />
A small baseline sample <strong>of</strong><strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s should be collected from <strong>the</strong>ir wintering areas <strong>and</strong><br />
screened for presence, concentrations <strong>and</strong> variability <strong>of</strong>contaminants. To maximize <strong>the</strong><br />
information gained from <strong>the</strong>se birds, physiological <strong>and</strong> toxicological endpoints should also be<br />
measured. Ifo<strong>the</strong>r critical gaps have been identified (task CS. 1), <strong>and</strong> if baseline analysis indicates<br />
a potential problem, protocols for obtaining additional data on contaminant levels <strong>and</strong> associated<br />
physiological <strong>and</strong> histological status for individual populations should be implemented using <strong>the</strong><br />
least-impact methods available. Potential population-level effects <strong>of</strong> collecting wild spectacled<br />
eiders should be identified before collection is authorized. Potential sources for <strong>the</strong> implicated<br />
contaminants in high-latitude marine environments should also be described. Incidentally<br />
collected carcasses should be necropsied <strong>and</strong> screened for contaminants. Collection <strong>of</strong>a sample<br />
<strong>of</strong>healthy birds was completed in 1995.<br />
D2. Initiate contaminant exposure studies in captive birds. Depending on <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong>task<br />
CS. I <strong>and</strong> Dl, it may become important to determine <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> high contaminant levels on<br />
eider physiology, survival, <strong>and</strong> reproduction. If necessary, specific physiological markers that<br />
could be tied to contaminant levels <strong>and</strong> effects should be evaluated in controlled trials with captive<br />
birds to develop methods for field sampling wild birds. Ei<strong>the</strong>r captive <strong>Spectacled</strong> <strong>Eider</strong>s or similar<br />
species such as Common <strong>Eider</strong>s may be suitable for this study.<br />
68