A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE SPECTACLED EIDER Cnrr~nLSIatus: This species is listed as threatened. Three breeding populations have been identified: Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), North Slope of Alaska (NS), and Arctic Russia (AR). The breeding range of the YKD population is reduced and the population appears to have declined by more than 96% since the mid-1970s. The NS breeding population apparently has experienced localized declines but data are insufficient to determine an overall trend. The AR population is quite large; but the trend is unknown and the historic range appears to be reduced. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: The Spectacled Eider breeds in low-lying arctic and sub-arctic wetlands dominated by graminoids and characterized by numerous shallow ponds and lakes. On the YKD, these wetlands are near the coast and partially drained by complex slough and river systems. The NS and AR breeding habitats are low-lying, poorly-drained, coastal plains. Molting occurs at sea in nearshore waters. Principal known Spectacled Eider wintering areas are in the central Bering Sea. Preliminary analyses using Common Eider demographic data suggest that adult survival may be the most important variable affecting population growth rate. Lead poisoning from ingested lead shotgun pellets may have contributed to the rapid decline observed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Numerous factors known or suspected of affecting adult survival have been identified, but their relative importance is unknown. R~coi~ry...Qbjcc1ix~: Delisting Recovery Criteria: Spectacled Eiders will be considered recovered when ~a~hof the three recognized populations: 1) is stable or increasing over 10 or more years and the minimum estimated population size is at least 6,000 breeding pairs, or 2) numbers at least 10,000 breeding pairs over 3 or more years, or 3) numbers at least 25,000 breeding pairs in one year. A~finniN~d. 1. Coordinate recovery and management efforts between and among government agencies and Native and other non-governmental organizations. 2. Increase efforts to reduce mortality. 3. Quantify and monitor existing breeding populations. 4. Determine molting, migration, and wintering areas and habitats. 5. Conduct research on the demography and biology of the species and develop demographic models. 6. Attempt to determine the obstacles to recovery and causes for decline. iv
1 2 3 4 5 Total N~d1 N~2 N~J N~A N~5 N~i6 Iatal 95 95 95 80 8Q 445 253 218 218 218 21L 1,125 183 183 173 85 709 290 110 60 60 6Q 580 1,349 1,122 1,082 322 322 4,197 555 155 90 70 ~70~ 940 2,725 1,883 1,718 835 7,996 Da1e..oI..Recox~ry: The estimated date for recovery of the world population of the Spectacled Eider is unknown due to: 1) uncertainty of causes for decline and obstacles to recovery, and 2) potential inability to eliminate effects of causes and obstacles once they are identified. v
Page 2 and 3: SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
Page 4 and 5: LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
Page 12 and 13: A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
Page 14 and 15: ) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
Page 16 and 17: B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
Page 18 and 19: Increasing interest in avicultural
Page 20 and 21: Other conservation measures include
Page 22 and 23: D. Natural History of the Spectacle
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
Page 26 and 27: DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
Page 28 and 29: helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
Page 30 and 31: geographic populations, because imm
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 34 and 35: their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57:
implicated. In the absence of histo
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. - currently small size of the YKD
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implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63:
. take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
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. AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67:
. Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69:
B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
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. Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
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. feasible if post-fledging staging
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presumed that their activities have
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contaminants within Spectacled Eide
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limited ability to withstand additi
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surface after a year and is no long
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. The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
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is inadequate to sustain “normal
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___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89:
Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
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___________ 1 964a. Observations on
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Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
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________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
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Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99:
KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
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TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
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TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
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TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
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— TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109:
TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111:
TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
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The final risk factor is the effect
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This PVA will treat two population
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Both aerial surveys are conducted a
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0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
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emaining before the population reac
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) critical population size; and (2)
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40%. The population growth rate cri
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Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
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Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
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APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
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The likelihood function for the par
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initial sample. Then the O~ were re
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LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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