A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Baillie S. R. and H. Milne. 1982. The influence of female age on breeding in the Eider Somai’eria mollissima. Bird Study 29:55-66. Caswell, H. 1989. Matrix Population Models,. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. Cooch, F. G. 1986. The numbers of nesting Northern Eiders on the West Foxe Islands, NWT, in 1956 and 1976. in Eider ducks in Canada. ed. A. Reed. Canadian Wildlife Service, 1141 route de l’~glise, Ste-Foy, Que, GlV 4115. Pages 114- 118. Coulson, J. C. 1984; The population dynamics of the Eider Duck Somateria mollissima and evidence of extensive non-breeding by adult ducks. This 126:525-543. Franzmann, N. 1983. The migration and survival of an Eider Somateria m. mollissima population in the southern Baltic. Ornis Fennica, Suppl. 3:73-74. Hario, M. and K. Selin. 1988. Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size, and nest site preferences. Finnish Game Res. 45:3-10. Milne, H. 1974. Breeding numbers and reproductive rate of eiders at the sands of Forvie National Nature Reserve, Scotland. This 116:135-154. Reed, A. 1975. Migration, homing, and mortality of breeding female Eiders Somateria mollissi,na dressen of the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec. Ornis. Scan. 6:41-47. ____________ 1983. Eider ducks in Ungava Bay: Case history of a joint research project by the Inuit and government. First Western Hemisphere Waterfowl and Waterbird Symposium, Hugh Boyd, ed., pgs. 60-61. ____________ and A. J. Erskine. 1986. Populations of the Common Eider in eastern North America: their size and status. In A. Reed (ed.). Eider ducks in Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service, 1141 route de l’~glise, Ste-Foy, Que, G1V 4115. Pages 156-162. Stehn, R. A., C. P. Dau, B. Conant, and W. I. Butler, Jr. 1993. Decline of Spectacled Eiders nesting in western Alaska. Arctic 46:264-277. Appendixm - Page 14
Swennen, C. 1972. Chlorinated hydrocarbons attacked the Eider population in the Netherlands. T.N.O.-nieuws. 27:556-560. ____________ 1983. Reproductive output of Eiders Somojena m. mollissima on the southern border of its breeding range. Ardea 71:245-254. Wakely J. 5. 1973. An analysis ofbanding and recovery data for the American Eider (Somatena mollissima dresseri’). unpublished Masters thesis, University of Maine at Orono. ____________ and H. L. Mendall. 1976. Migrational homing and survival of adult female Eiders in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 40(1): 15-21. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION CITATIONS J. Barry Grand, Alaska Science Center, National Biological Service, Anchorage, AK. Appendix III- Page 15
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
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their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
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E. Distinct Population Segments The
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A final consideration involves info
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Trend data are analyzed to inform w
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Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
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thresholds are not “magic numbers
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Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
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Criteria for Delisting from Threate
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The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
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concordance in their descriptions o
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data on both levels and effects oft
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implicated. In the absence of histo
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. - currently small size of the YKD
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implementation of the Memoranda ofA
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. take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
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. AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
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. Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
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B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
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. Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
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. feasible if post-fledging staging
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presumed that their activities have
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contaminants within Spectacled Eide
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limited ability to withstand additi
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surface after a year and is no long
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. The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
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is inadequate to sustain “normal
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___________ 1967. The geese of the
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Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
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___________ 1 964a. Observations on
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Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
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________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
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Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
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KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
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TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135: initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137: LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139: LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
Page 140 and 141: where x = age. The fertility rate i
Page 142 and 143: of older females: (1) older females
Page 144 and 145: RESULTS Solutions for single cause
Page 146 and 147: 0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
Page 148 and 149: growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
Page 150 and 151: decline, by far the fastest way to
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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