A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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is inadequate to sustain “normal” survival rates would guide research and management activities toward potential causes for reduced body condition. 12.1. Collect standard blood panels. Blood analysis provides an indication ofoverall body condition and stress in live birds. Opportunistic collection ofblood samples from eiders trapped for other studies and from captive flocks was initiated in 1994. Samples should be collected from each population to allow comparisons between the body condition indicators and relative “health” ofthe three populations, captive birds, and related species. 12.2. Determine and evaluate body condition indices for Spectacled Eiders. Body condition (such as body fat level ofdead birds or the ratio ofbody mass to some measures ofbody size oflive birds) should be evaluated in Spectacled Eiders collected incidentally or handled for other studies. These data should be compared to survival and reproductive success data for the represented population. Preliminary data would also establish sample sizes needed for a comprehensive study. 12.3. Evaluate the physiological condition ofSpectacled Eiders throughout the year. Based on the results of12.2, a study should be designed and implemented to evaluate the physiological condition of Spectacled Eiders at different locations throughout the year. Nonlethal methods should be used if they provide statistically reliable information; collecting should be implemented only ifit is determined that it will not adversely affect any population. 12.4 Compare distributions ofSpectacled Eider body condition with those ofrelated sp~i~a. Ifthe distribution ofSpectacled Eider body conditions differs from related species that are sharing similar habitats, mortality factors such as heavy metal contamination, food scarcity, parasites, or disease might be implicated. However, ifthe distribution ofbody conditions is comparable to that for other similar species, other mortality factors (e.g., predation, subsistence harvest) would be implicated. 74
LITERATURE CITED Allen, H. HI, and L. Allen. n.d. Spectacled Eider uDuck of Mystery:” Its natural history and captive management. Game Bird Gazette 31: 13-19. Anderson, B.A., and B.A. Cooper. 1994. Distribution and abundance of Spectacled Eiders in the Kuparuk and Milne Point Oilfields, Alaska, 1993. Final Report prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK by Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. ____________ and C.B. Johnson. In Press. Spectacled eider studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1995. Unpubl. Rep. prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc. and the Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK by Alaska Biological Research, Inc. ___________ S.M. Murphy, and M.T. Jorgenson. 1992a. Seasonal patterns of habitat use by geese in the Prudhoe Bay oilfields, Alaska, 1985-1989. Proc. 7th N. Am. Arctic Goose Conference and Workshop, 7-12 Jan. 1992, Vallejo, CA. (Abstract) ____________ S.M. Murphy, and M.T. Jorgenson, D.S. Barber, and B.A. Kugler. 1992b. GHX-l Waterbird and Noise Monitoring Program. Final Report prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK by Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, AK and BBN Systems and Technologies Corp., Canoga Park, CA. ___________ R.J. Ritchie, and A.A. Stickney. 1991. Abundance, distribution and movements of brood-rearing brant in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Alaska Bird Conference and Workshop, 19-22 Nov. 1991, Anchorage, AK. (Abstract) ____________ A.A. Stickney, R.J. Ritchie, and B.A. Cooper. 1995. Avian studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1994. Unpubl. Rept. for ARCO Alaska, Inc. and The Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK. AOU (American Ornithologists Union). 1983. Checklist of North American birds. 6th edition. Am. Ornithol. Union, New York, NY. Atrashkevich, G.I. 1982. Filicollis trophimenkoi n.sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from Anatidae in north-western Chukotka. Parazitologiya 16:102-106. Bailey, A.M. 1948. Birds ofArctic Alaska. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., Pop. Ser. No. 8. ll3p. Barry, T.W. 1960. Breeding biology of the Atlantic Brant (Branta bernicla hro:a). M.S. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 81 p. 75
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SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
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LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
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) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
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B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
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Increasing interest in avicultural
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Other conservation measures include
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D. Natural History of the Spectacle
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Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
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DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
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helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
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geographic populations, because imm
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Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 34 and 35: their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 86 and 87: ___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89: Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91: ___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93: Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95: ________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97: Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99: KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101: TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103: TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105: TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107: — TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109: TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111: TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113: The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115: This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117: Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119: 0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121: emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123: ) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125: 40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127: Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129: Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133: The likelihood function for the par
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initial sample. Then the O~ were re
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LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
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where x = age. The fertility rate i
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of older females: (1) older females
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RESULTS Solutions for single cause
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0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
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growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
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decline, by far the fastest way to
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LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
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APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
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APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
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A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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