A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

More documents

Recommendations

Info

their diseases (e.g., Schiller 1954, 1955; Deblock and Rauseb 1972; Bondarenko 1975; Bondarenko and Kontrimavichus 1976, 1979; Dau 1978; Atrashkevich 1982; Regel and Bondarenko 1982; Regel 1986; Nikishin and Krasnoshchekov 1986; Nikishin 1988). Most of this literature is on the taxonomy and morphology ofthe parasites themselves rather than on the effects of the parasites on the birds. Habitat Breeding habitats of Spectacled Eiders have been described in both subarctic (Dau 1974; Harwood and Moran 1991, 1993; Moran and Harwood 1994; Moran 1995; J. B. Grand, pers. comm.) and arctic areas (Kistchinski and Flint 1974; Derksen et al. 1981; Kondratev and Zadorina 1992; Warnock and Troy 1992; TERA 1995). Although subarctic and arctic nesting areas differ in vegetative composition and some aspects of physiography, most Spectacled Eiders in both regions occur in coastal habitats. The coastal fringe of the YKD is the only high-density Spectacled Eider (3.0-6.8 birds/km 2) subarctic breeding habitat (Dau and Kistchinski 1977; C. Harwood, pers. comm.; T. Moran, pers. comm.; W. Eldridge, pers. comm.). In this area, nesting is restricted to low, wet sedge and grass marshes with numerous small, shallow waterbodies. Most nesting sites are within 2m of waterbodies, primarily along shorelines, peninsulas, or on islands (Dau 1974; Moran and Harwood 1994). Nests rarely occur more than 190 m from water. These habitats can be inundated by extreme high tides or during storm surges; because of this irregular flooding, they are referred to collectively as the “vegetated intertidal zone” (King and Dau 1981). Spectacled Eiders share this zone with several species of geese and numerous other waterbird species, including Common Eiders (King and Lensink 1971; King and Dau 1981). Nesting habitats for Spectacled Eiders on the YKD are within the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge (YDNWR) or on lands owned by various Native village corporations (Figure 8). The historically dispersed human population in this area has expanded and converged into large, permanent villages. Hunting and other forms ofdisturbance in habitats used frequently by humans may have altered the distribution and habitat use by Spectacled Eiders and other species on the YKD (Nelson 1887; Brandt 1943; Kertell 1991; Stehn et al. 1993). Important habitats for arctic-breeding Spectacled Eiders include large river deltas, tundra rich in lakes, and wet, polygonized coastal plains with numerous waterbodies. Densities of 0.1 to 12 birds/km2 have been recorded in these areas (Dementev and Gladkov 1952; Kistchinski and Flint 1974; Derksen et al. 1981; Stishov 1992; Warnock and Troy 1992). Along the arctic coast of Alaska, Spectacled Eiders are seen most commonly during the breeding season near shallow-Arctophila and shallow-Car& ponds (Derksen et. al. 1981; Warnock and Troy 1992; Anderson and Cooper 1994), which are flooded but vegetated, with low islands or ridges suitable as nest sites (Anderson et al. 1995). Warnock and Troy (1992) recorded substantial use of artificial impoundments near oil development facilities in Prudhoe Bay for feeding. 24
In this region, Spectacled Eider nests are generally within several meters of waterbodies (TERA 1993; Anderson and Cooper 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Anderson et al. 1995; Johnson 1995; B. Anderson, pers. comm.), and are found on lake edges in basin wetland complexes (Smith et al. 1994), on ridges on polygons containing permanent water and emergent sedge or grass (Rothe et al. 1983; North 1990), and along the edge of deep open lakes (Bergman et al. 1977; Derksen et al. 1981). Nesting habitats of Spectacled Eiders in coastal Russia have been described near the Indigirka (Kistchinski and Flint 1974; D. Esler, pers. comm.), Ekviatap (Stishov 1992), and Chaun rivers (Kondratev and Zadorina 1992). Nests were generally within several meters of waterbodies, except on coastal islands of the Indigirka River Delta where some nests were found > SOm from the nearest waterbody (D. Esler, per. comm.). Preferred habitats on the Indigirka River and Chaun River deltas were islands in lakes or small, elevated areas in flooded sedge and grass marshes called “laydas” (Kistchinski and Flint 1974; Kondratev and Zadorina 1992). In these habitats, Spectacled Eider nests were found commonly near colonies of gulls or terns. In contrast, solitary pairs nested in low densities in uniform tundra areas that were rich in lakes. Female Spectacled Eiders rear their broods in shallow ponds and lakes with emergent vegetation, in basin wetland complexes and on deep open lakes (Dau 1974; Kistchinski and Flint 1974; Derksen et al. 1981; Warnock and Troy 1992; Anderson and Cooper 1994; Anderson et al. 1995; C. Harwood, pers. comm.; T. Moran, pers. comm.; J. B. Grand, pers. comm.). J. B. Grand and associates (pers. comm.) found that females selected areas of low to moderate salinity for brood-rearing. Ducklings of other species are known to exhibit adverse physiological effects .when freshwater is not available (Schmidt-Nielsen and Kim 1964; Baudinette et al. 1982; Moorman 1990). In the arctic, Derksen et al. (1981) found Spectacled Eider broods associated with shallow-Carex and deep-open Arctophila lakes. Ponds with emergents are important brood-rearing habitats (Warnock and Troy 1992; Anderson and Cooper 1994; Anderson et al. 1995; TERA 1995). Spectacled Eiders spend 8-10 months/year in the Bering and Chukchi seas (Dau and Kistchinski 1977). Although considerable data exist on the climate (Brower et al. 1977), oceanography, and biological resources of these areas (Hood and Kelley 1974; Sayles et al. 1979; Hood and Calder 1981), an evaluation ofthe relationship between environmental parameters and the seasonal distribution of molting, staging, and wintering Spectacled Eiders is lacking. Satellite monitoring of climatic and sea ice conditions was used to identify polynyas in the Bering Sea which may be potential Spectacled Eider habitat (Dau and Kistchinski 1977), but these areas have not been adequately surveyed (McRoy et al. 1971; Everett et al. 1989). Dau and Kistchinski (1977) thought Spectacled Eiders would be found in waters =30m deep. Recent data from fall staging and wintering areas suggest that Spectacled Eiders may be found in waters twice that depth (M. R. Petersen, pers. comm.). 25
Page 2 and 3: SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVERY PLAN Team
Page 4 and 5: LITERATURE CITATION U.S. Fish and W
Page 6 and 7: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE RECOVERY P
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER PAGE 1
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Breeding
Page 12 and 13: A. Status of the Spectacled Eider R
Page 14 and 15: ) a) j~ 25000 0 2 220000 C ~15000 ~
Page 16 and 17: B. Causes for Decline and Obstacles
Page 18 and 19: Increasing interest in avicultural
Page 20 and 21: Other conservation measures include
Page 22 and 23: D. Natural History of the Spectacle
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta loc
Page 26 and 27: DEL?A RUSSIA SPECTACLED EIDER RANGE
Page 28 and 29: helicopter surveys in the Prudhoe B
Page 30 and 31: geographic populations, because imm
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8. Study sites and land stat
Page 36 and 37: E. Distinct Population Segments The
Page 38 and 39: A final consideration involves info
Page 40 and 41: Trend data are analyzed to inform w
Page 42 and 43: Figure 10. A hypothetical posterior
Page 44 and 45: thresholds are not “magic numbers
Page 46 and 47: Criteria for Reclassifying from Thr
Page 48 and 49: Criteria for Delisting from Threate
Page 50 and 51: The final aspect ofSpectacled Eider
Page 52 and 53: concordance in their descriptions o
Page 54 and 55: data on both levels and effects oft
Page 56 and 57: implicated. In the absence of histo
Page 58 and 59: . - currently small size of the YKD
Page 60 and 61: implementation of the Memoranda ofA
Page 62 and 63: . take of Spectacled Eiders. In add
Page 64 and 65: . AlS. Produce a handbook summarizi
Page 66 and 67: . Bl.4. 1.3. Develop visibility cor
Page 68 and 69: B2. 1.1. Implement YKD satellite tr
Page 70 and 71: . Appendix Ill). Since epidermal ag
Page 72 and 73: . feasible if post-fledging staging
Page 74 and 75: presumed that their activities have
Page 76 and 77: contaminants within Spectacled Eide
Page 78 and 79: limited ability to withstand additi
Page 80 and 81: surface after a year and is no long
Page 82 and 83: . The reproductive stages (eggs, yo
Page 84 and 85:
is inadequate to sustain “normal
Page 86 and 87:
___________ 1967. The geese of the
Page 88 and 89:
Dementev, G.P., and N.A. Gladkov (e
Page 90 and 91:
___________ 1 964a. Observations on
Page 92 and 93:
Nelson, E.W: 1887. Report upon natu
Page 94 and 95:
________ P.R. Wade, R.A. Stehn, and
Page 96 and 97:
Robert M. Platte, Migratory Bird Ma
Page 98 and 99:
KEY Task Duration and Costs TBD - T
Page 100 and 101:
TASK 324.2 I 12.4.1 .2 PRIOR- — 2
Page 102 and 103:
TASK I — [37 E12 EI.3 fTYU —PRI
Page 104 and 105:
TASK PRIOR- Dj ITYU — — A12.3 2
Page 106 and 107:
— TASK U — 135.2 PRIOR- TASK DE
Page 108 and 109:
TASK U PRIOR- ITY U TASK DESCRIPTIO
Page 110 and 111:
TASK PRIOR. U — DS.3 3 TASK DESCR
Page 112 and 113:
The final risk factor is the effect
Page 114 and 115:
This PVA will treat two population
Page 116 and 117:
Both aerial surveys are conducted a
Page 118 and 119:
0.2 0.15 -j i 4 0.1 0 -I 0.05 0.08
Page 120 and 121:
emaining before the population reac
Page 122 and 123:
) critical population size; and (2)
Page 124 and 125:
40%. The population growth rate cri
Page 126 and 127:
Table 1-2. Results of simulation wh
Page 128 and 129:
Hilborn, R. and C.J. Walters. 1992.
Page 130 and 131:
APPENDIX II TECHNICAL DETAILS OF TH
Page 132 and 133:
The likelihood function for the par
Page 134 and 135:
initial sample. Then the O~ were re
Page 136 and 137:
LU ~0.8 z -J ~0.6 I-ET1 w107 480 m1
Page 138 and 139:
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX LI De la
Page 140 and 141:
where x = age. The fertility rate i
Page 142 and 143:
of older females: (1) older females
Page 144 and 145:
RESULTS Solutions for single cause
Page 146 and 147:
0.1 0.08 ~0.06 4 0 0.04 0. 0.02 0 0
Page 148 and 149:
growth rate. Perhaps this can be mo
Page 150 and 151:
decline, by far the fastest way to
Page 152 and 153:
LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX In Bailli
Page 154 and 155:
APPENDIX IV SPECTACLED EIDER RECOVE
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX V COMMENTS RECEIVED ON DRA
show all

A. Status of the Spectacled Eider - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?