the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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spread relentlessly over Asia Minor. The devastation caused by the civil war in the years 1341-1347 between John V Paleologus and John VI Cantacuzenos might have rendered Thrace and Macedonia vulnerable to the epidemic. A century later, during the unsuccessful siege of Belgrade by Murad in 1440, losses in the Ottoman army were partly due to plague according to Doukas: Belgrad'ı altı ay karadan ve nehirden muhasara ettiği halde, hiç bir şey kazanamadı. Bilâkis çok zararlara düçar oldu. Vezirlerden ve kullarından bir çoklarını vaba hastalığından ve kaleden makinalarla atılan mermi isabetinden kaybetti. 373 According to Biraben, the Ottoman army were also to have brought plague along during the siege by Murad's successor Mehmed II of Ragusa in 1464. But the victorious Ottomans behaved cautiously and avoided to enter the defeated city, which by that time had also become infected. 374 Whether reports of the siege were fabricated or not, fact is that plague was a common scourge for any army or navy. According to a note in the diary of Malipiero, the Ottoman fleet suffered from plague too. It was reported to have left Istanbul for the Black Sea on the 20th May of 1475, badly equipped and amorbada or plague-stricken. 375 The following year, in 1476, Mehmed the Conqueror reportedly had to end the siege of Boğdan because of the many losses in his army due to plague. 376 His successors would have to cope with the same problem. During Selim's campaign in the year 1514, a prisoner interrogated by the Master of Rhodes informed that Selim's army had 373 Dukas, Bizans Tarihi, 128. 374 Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, Vol. 1, 140 and 145. The source of this story is not indicated by the author. However, Babinger's authorative work on Mehmed the Conqueror, claims this report of an enormous Ottoman army threatening a siege of the city by ambassadors from Ragusa was fabricated. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time. Edited by William C. Hickman. New Jersey : Princeton University Press. 1978. 375 Malipiero, Annali veneti dall' anno 1457 al 1500, 111. 376 İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol II, 4. edition, Ankara, 1983, page 80, as quoted by Kılıç, Orhan. Genel Hatlarıyla Dünyada ve Osmanlı Devletinde Salgın Hastalıklar, 100-101. 99
suffered great losses through famine and plague. 377 And the campaigns of Süleyman would not be spared the disease, either. A letter in Sanudo's diary 378 describes the conditions of the Ottomans preparing for war with the Hungarians : the Ottoman camp was reported to have suffered badly from plague and fluxo. 379 It can be assumed that the adversaries were also aware of the threats that plague epidemics brought with them and acted accordingly. In the 15th century, the Venetians were indeed apprehensive that the garrisons of their overseas possessions had to be kept up at all cost in order to be ready for a Turkish incursion. This was not an easy task when plague was rampant, as testifies the following entry in the recordings of the deliberations of the Venetian Senate for May 1449 : The recent plague in Negroponte has killed most of the soldiers, which were replaced by the Greeks. In order to reestablish security, we order the new Baylo, Giovanni Malipiero, to constitute two companies and to take them with him to Negroponte. The old companies will be disbanded and the Greek soldiers sent back. 380 At the start of the sixteenth century, plague in turn created security-related problems for the Ottomans. The Ahkam Defter of 1501 relates that : Şimdiki hâlde Dergâh-ı mu'allâma mektûb ve âdem gönderüp Yukaru Şark diyârına gönderilen âdemden biri gelüp: "Sûfî tâifesi Kür suyınun öte kenârında oturup Şirvan vilâyetinün ekin yörür ovalarında ta'ûn hastalığı vâkı' olup Akkoyunlu bu cânibde oturup memerrleri hıfz iderler " diyü bildürmiş, ma'lûm oldı. 381 377 Sanudo, I diarii di Marino Sanuto, Vol. 19, Col. 377. 378 Sanudo, I diarii di Marino Sanuto, Vol. 42, Col. 653. 379 I could not identify the latter disease. Fluxo, that is flusso or flow, could possibly be indicating some kind of contagious intestinal infection such as dysentery. 380 P. Thiriet. Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie. Tome troisième: 1431-1463. Paris: Mouton & Co. 1958, 150. 381 Ilhan Şahin and Feridun Emecen. 1994. Osmanlılarda Divân - Bürokrasi - Ahkâm. II. Bâyezid Dönemine Ait 906/ 1501 Tarihli Ahkâm Defteri. Istanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı. document nr 906 100
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THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
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ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
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subject is evident, plague has been
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also consulted. In view of this cla
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CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
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continents. 15 However, because of
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not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that
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the disease. 31 During this outbrea
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common during winter, whereas the b
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CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
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which will be critically examined i
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contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
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Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived
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The tarih was written as a way to p
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'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
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Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
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and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
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He was captured after Constantinopl
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Latin sources The first category of
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elatives and friends ensured him of
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period of one or more seasons, name
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Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
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CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
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that had happened in these lands, s
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"What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64: earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66: of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
Page 69 and 70: Cydones obviously did not appreciat
Page 71 and 72: mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
Page 73 and 74: Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 75 and 76: travels also allowed him to become
Page 77 and 78: plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80: epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82: 5.2. Religious response In times of
Page 83 and 84: in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86: the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88: Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90: were implemented at one time or ano
Page 91 and 92: Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94: in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96: "Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 97 and 98: quite a few of its regular visitors
Page 99 and 100: notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
Page 101 and 102: his people and the Genoese for thei
Page 103: death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
Page 107 and 108: In the above example, the Venetians
Page 109 and 110: while later his brother. They were
Page 111 and 112: prices did occur four years before
Page 113 and 114: asis or had indeed any policy at al
Page 115 and 116: Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
Page 117 and 118: as to whether the Ottomans systemat
Page 119 and 120: present as well in the period under
Page 121 and 122: surprising as both European and Ott
Page 123 and 124: Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
Page 125 and 126: -----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
Page 127 and 128: Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
Page 129 and 130: Research Centre for Islamic History
Page 131 and 132: Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136: Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
Page 137 and 138: morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
Page 139 and 140: 61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
Page 141 and 142: incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
Page 143 and 144: E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
Page 145 and 146: Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
Page 147 and 148: MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
Page 149 and 150: There is an enormous plague outbrea
Page 151 and 152: ... that there, in Constantinople,
Page 153 and 154: Paragraph over the statement (made)
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a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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