the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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without importance for the interpretation of the historical sources of the plague pandemics. 19 Plague is not only versatile in the way of its transmission and in the variety of animals that it can infect. It also displays a whole range of widely different symptoms, which has led to a categorization of various types of plague, such as bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicaemic plague 20 . This versatility did not only influence the way it could spread, but also the reactions and perception of those that were confronted with it. As we saw above, several mechanisms are deployed by the plague bacteria to ensure its spread. These interplay with different human actions. Hunting ensures the first contact with a wild reservoir. Other rodents that live in close proximity with people can also catch the disease and so form a domesticated reservoir. Man can spread plague to other communities through travel by means of different mechanisms. Firstly, he can carry the disease himself. He can in turn facilitate the spread of his domesticated reservoir through shipping. Fleas that form the vector between individuals can also be transported, either carried by him or his domesticated reservoir or hidden in certain goods, such as cereals, clothes or bales of cotton or cloth. Finally, the bacteria can probably sustain a prolonged survival in certain goods, such as fur from infected animals providing the environmental conditions are adequate. 21 Hirst emphasizes the great difference in infectiousness between pneumonic and bubonic plague, the first being extremely contagious and the latter almost 19 Several of the authors on plague mention stories by chroniclers which claim that the Black Death started in the land of Cathay or also in India. See for example Philip Ziegler, The Black Death. Collins, 1969, 13-14. 20 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 29-31. 21 This observation has been made in historical sources, but to my knowledge has not been investigated recently. However, two arguments plead for it: firstly, the fact that the bacteria can survive in infected burrows and secondly, that modern epidemiology routinely mentions fur from freshly killed animals as a source of contamination (see WHO Plague Manual page 12) 9
not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that the passage through different reservoirs yields different types of plague: plague caught from marmots results mostly in pneumonic plague 23 , whereas plague caught from rats results in bubonic plague. 24 The combination of these two factors would lead to the following pattern of spread: men become infected by marmots and develop pneumonic plague, which being highly contagious, they quickly pass on to others. Simultaneously, rats become also infected. 25 This situation leads initially to two waves of plague, a pneumonic one, followed by a bubonic one. 26 As the epidemic further spreads, one of the two forms can be more prevalent, according to the way the disease travelled or yet again the season. 27 Moreover, unusual meteorological conditions such as exceptionally warm and humid weather have been observed to facilitate the spread of plague in temperate climate zones. 28 Therefore, as Hirst argues, the enigmatic co-existence of a very infectious form of plague and one that is hardly infectious at all could explain the difference in historical attitudes towards public measures such as quarantine. 22 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 29. 23 They appear to be the only rodents to display this form of the disease. 24 In Plague,The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's most Dangerous Disease, 2004, 60. 25 In my opinion, a very likely way of spreading the infection to rats would be through exposure to human plague-infected cadavers. The sources clearly show that during major epidemics, disposing of the victims' bodies in an adequate way was near-impossible. 26 Such a pattern was indeed observed by the French surgeon Guy de Chauliac during the first Black Death outbreak in 1348 in Lyons; as quoted by Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 32. 27 According to Hirst, who bases himself both on contemporary and historical evidence, pneumonic plague is more common in winter, whereas bubonic plague thrives mostly in warmer seasons. See Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 32-35. This observation is supported by the fact that fleas are not active during prolonged periods of low temperature. 28 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 26. 10
Page 1 and 2: THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
Page 3 and 4: ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 7 and 8: subject is evident, plague has been
Page 9 and 10: also consulted. In view of this cla
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
Page 13: continents. 15 However, because of
Page 17 and 18: the disease. 31 During this outbrea
Page 19 and 20: common during winter, whereas the b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
Page 23 and 24: which will be critically examined i
Page 25 and 26: contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
Page 27 and 28: Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived
Page 29 and 30: The tarih was written as a way to p
Page 31 and 32: 'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
Page 33 and 34: Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
Page 35 and 36: and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
Page 37 and 38: He was captured after Constantinopl
Page 39 and 40: Latin sources The first category of
Page 41 and 42: elatives and friends ensured him of
Page 43 and 44: period of one or more seasons, name
Page 45 and 46: Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
Page 49 and 50: that had happened in these lands, s
Page 51 and 52: "What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64: earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66:
of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68:
CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
Page 69 and 70:
Cydones obviously did not appreciat
Page 71 and 72:
mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
Page 73 and 74:
Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 75 and 76:
travels also allowed him to become
Page 77 and 78:
plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80:
epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82:
5.2. Religious response In times of
Page 83 and 84:
in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86:
the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88:
Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90:
were implemented at one time or ano
Page 91 and 92:
Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94:
in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96:
"Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 97 and 98:
quite a few of its regular visitors
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notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
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his people and the Genoese for thei
Page 103 and 104:
death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
Page 105 and 106:
suffered great losses through famin
Page 107 and 108:
In the above example, the Venetians
Page 109 and 110:
while later his brother. They were
Page 111 and 112:
prices did occur four years before
Page 113 and 114:
asis or had indeed any policy at al
Page 115 and 116:
Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
Page 117 and 118:
as to whether the Ottomans systemat
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present as well in the period under
Page 121 and 122:
surprising as both European and Ott
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Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
Page 125 and 126:
-----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
Page 127 and 128:
Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
Page 129 and 130:
Research Centre for Islamic History
Page 131 and 132:
Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136:
Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
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morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
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61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
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incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
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E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
Page 145 and 146:
Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
Page 147 and 148:
MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
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There is an enormous plague outbrea
Page 151 and 152:
... that there, in Constantinople,
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Paragraph over the statement (made)
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a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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