the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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2.2. A Historical Overview of the Plague Pandemics Throughout his existence, man has always been confronted with contagious diseases 29 that caused epidemics, sometimes even pandemics. Especially when a new disease reached populations that had not been exposed to it before, the consequences would be devastating. Some past outbreaks can be identified by means of archeological finds, because the disease left its mark on skeletons 30 and mummies. Mostly however, the information about epidemics comes to us through historical sources that recorded the disruption and misery brought about on a community. Interpreting these data is often problematic, especially when it comes to identifying the exact disease behind an outbreak. Of all diseases causing epidemics, one had such a profound impact that its very name became proverbial for epidemic, indeed a synonym for any disaster that could befall human society. This was the bubonic plague, which had been recorded by man since biblical times. Phycisians such as Hippocrates and Galen knew and described the disease and it is possible (though disputed) that the epidemic that struck Athens in the 5th century BC as described by Thucydides was plague. Today, we know plague to be caused by a bacteria called Yersinia pestis, but this knowledge is relatively recent and dates from the latest plague pandemic in the late 19th century, which originated in China and also made a great number of casualties in India. Sent over to the afflicted region, the French researcher Alexandre Yersin isolated the bacteria and identified it as the pathogen that caused 29 Kohn mentions bubonic plague, typhus, smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, influenza, scarlet fever, malaria, diphteria and poliomyelitis - obviously this list is not exhaustive. George C. Kohn, The Wordsworth Encyclopedia of Plague & Pestilence. New York: Facts on File Inc, 1995, 360-372. 30 According to Drancourt, it is possible to demonstrate the presence of Yersinia pestis bacteria in the dental pulp of skeletons that belong to victims of medieval plague outbreaks. Michel Drancourt, and et al. "Yersinia pestis Orientalis in Remains of Ancient Plague Patients."in Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(2): 332. 2007. 11
the disease. 31 During this outbreak, it was also established that the disease was carried by rats (and as was described above, a number of other rodents). The Chinese pandemic was the third and until today the last in recorded history and was the first to reach the American continent. The previous pandemics were confined to the Asian, European and African continents. The first pandemic on record was the Justinianic plague of 542, named after the Byzantine emperor during whose reign the epidemic occurred and who himself conctracted and survived the disease. 32 The pandemic lingered on with periodical outbreaks until it vanished from the records in the mid-eighth century. 33 As its appearance coincided with the emergence of Islam, the disease was frequently mentioned and commented upon by the Prophet and his followers. This resulted in an Islamic tradition of the writing of plague treatises, which were studied among others by Dols 34 . The second plague pandemic, also called the Black Death, ravaged Europe and the Middle East from 1347 onwards and its effect would be felt in the Ottoman Empire until the middle of the 19th century. Although this brief enumeration creates the impression that the disease disappeared completely between the two first pandemics, it did not. Records exist of outbreaks in Iran, Iraq and the Levant 35 31 Ludwik Gross, "How the plague bacillus and its transmission through fleas were discovered: Reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute", in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: (1995) 7609-7611. 32 For a detailed discussion of the Justinianic plague, see Dionysios Ch. Stathakopoulos. Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: A Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs. Vol.9. Burlington: Ashgate, 2004, 110-154. 33 For Constantinople, Biraben lists epidemics for the years 542-543-544 558, 573-574, 599, 618, 640, 697, 700, 717 and 747. See Jean-Noël Biraben. Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens. Vol. I, Paris, La Haye: éd. Mouton, 1975, 35-36. Dols enumerates a similar series of outbreaks in the Middle East that also ends in the mid-eighth century. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East, 305-314. 34 Arabic plague treatises written after the Black Death often contained a chronology of important plague outbreaks, as documented by Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East, 373-374. The plague treatises were a literary tradition that used the Hadith literature as source. 35 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 12. 12
Page 1 and 2: THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
Page 3 and 4: ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 7 and 8: subject is evident, plague has been
Page 9 and 10: also consulted. In view of this cla
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
Page 13 and 14: continents. 15 However, because of
Page 15: not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that
Page 19 and 20: common during winter, whereas the b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
Page 23 and 24: which will be critically examined i
Page 25 and 26: contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
Page 27 and 28: Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived
Page 29 and 30: The tarih was written as a way to p
Page 31 and 32: 'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
Page 33 and 34: Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
Page 35 and 36: and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
Page 37 and 38: He was captured after Constantinopl
Page 39 and 40: Latin sources The first category of
Page 41 and 42: elatives and friends ensured him of
Page 43 and 44: period of one or more seasons, name
Page 45 and 46: Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
Page 49 and 50: that had happened in these lands, s
Page 51 and 52: "What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64: earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66: of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68:
CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
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Cydones obviously did not appreciat
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mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
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Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
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travels also allowed him to become
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plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80:
epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82:
5.2. Religious response In times of
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in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86:
the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88:
Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90:
were implemented at one time or ano
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Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94:
in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96:
"Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
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quite a few of its regular visitors
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notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
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his people and the Genoese for thei
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death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
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suffered great losses through famin
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In the above example, the Venetians
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while later his brother. They were
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prices did occur four years before
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asis or had indeed any policy at al
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Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
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as to whether the Ottomans systemat
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present as well in the period under
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surprising as both European and Ott
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Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
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-----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
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Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
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Research Centre for Islamic History
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Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
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APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136:
Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
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morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
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61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
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incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
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E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
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Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
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MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
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There is an enormous plague outbrea
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... that there, in Constantinople,
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Paragraph over the statement (made)
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a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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