the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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until the outbreak of 1429 in Bursa. 59 The chronicle, which ends with the reign of Murad, reports this one outbreak. The Oxford manuscript of the first chronicle mentions an outbreak of vebâ that possibly took place before the 1429 outbreak and that killed Muhammed Çelebi and Dâvûd Çelebi. One of the Seljuk chronicles belongs to the Nurosmaniye collection and was written by a certain Zeyn ül- Müneccim bin Süleyman el-Konevî in Sivas in the month Muharrem of the year 773 hicri. This means that the chronicler was possibly already born during the passing of the first outbreak (1347-48) and certainly during the second great outbreak of 1361. Indeed, the chronicle records the first outbreak accurately for the year 748, that is 1346-47 : "748 de Süleyman han'ın inhizami, veba, taun ve ölüm." 60 The next big outbreak is also registered succinctly: "764 te umumî ölüm, vebâ ve taun." 61 4. Behcetü't-Tevârih by Şükrullah as translated and edited by Atsız 62 . Şükrullah, a fifteenth century member of the ulemâ was a long-standing servant of the Ottoman rulers, most probably first of the şehzâdes in Bursa. Afterwards, he became a musahib of Murad II and he ended his career in the service of Mehmed II, for whom he completed the historical work Behcetü't-Tevârih in 1458. 63 Much of the material of this world history, which was written in Persian, originated from 59 've Bursa şehrinde begayet ölüt ve vebâ düşelden ve çok halk-ı 'âlem helâk olub Murad han karındaşları ve Emîr Süleyman beg oğlı Orhan Beg ve Emîr Seyyid ve İbrahim Paşa ve Çorak beg ve Vezir Hacı 'Ivaz Paşa ve Şeyh Fahreddin Efendi oğılları ve Mevlânâ Şemseddin 'ulemâ-i Sultan Fenâri oğlı vefatlarından berü.' in Tarihi Takvimler. 1984. edited by Osman Turan. Ankara: TTK basımevi. page 25. The nine prominent figures that are listed to have died, are also mentioned by Neşrî in his own chronology. So either Neşri used this chronicle as a source or the two works were based upon the same precursor. 60 Tarihi Takvimler, 71. 61 Tarihi Takvimler, 73. 62 Atsız, N.Ç. . XV. Asır Tarihçisi Şükrullâh. Dokuz Boy Türkleri ve Osmanlı Sultanları Tarihi. Istanbul: Arkadaş Basımevi, 1939. 63 for a detailed discussion on the author, see Halil İnalcık. "Tarihçi Şükrullâh Çelebi (1380? - 1460)" in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. 61 (1-2) (2008), 113-118. 21
Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived and died in Bursa, but in spite of the fact that he seemingly spend all his life in that city and must have witnessed several outbreaks, he failed to record any presence of plague except for the summarily observation that : Yusuf Çelebi ile Mahmud Çelebi yumrucaktan Bursada öldüler. 65 As the anonymous Tarihi Takvimler he recorded the death of the two brothers of Murad II from plague, but whereas the former work clearly describes their death as part of a great outbreak, Şükrullah did not. He most probably was present during the outbreak in which they died, or at the very least must have had detailed second-hand information about it. Yet as his work is basically an elogy of the Ottoman rulers, plague only mattered inasfar as it had a direct impact on their dynasty. 66 5. Tevârih-i Al-i Osman by Aşıkpaşazade. 67 This fifteenth-century author belonging to an illustrous family of ulemâ wrote a detailed history of the house of Osman. Aşıkpaşazade explicitely mentions the brothers (and sisters) of Murad II, explaining their brother treated them well. 68 However, he does not mention their dying of plague, let alone the outbreak in Bursa. Not a single reference to plague is made in his otherwise detailed description. On the other hand, he does record the earthquake in Bursa during Mehmed Çelebi's reign which the Tarihi Takvimler also register. 69 64 İnalcık, "Tarihçi Şükrullâh Çelebi (1380? - 1460)", 116-117. 65 Atsız, XV. Asır Tarihçisi Şükrullâh. Dokuz Boy Türkleri ve Osmanlı Sultanları Tarihi, 37. 66 In the same vein, no mention is made either of other natural disasters that took place in Bursa, such as the earthquake, which the Tarihi Takvimler also registered. 'Sultan Mehmed Han atdan düşüb çok zahmet görelden ve Bursa'da katı zelzele olub çok yerler harâb olaldan berü yigirmi yedi yıldur.' Tarihi Takvimler, 21. 67 Aşıkpaşazâde. Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. A. Nihal Atsız (trans.) Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1985. 68 'Sual: Sultan Murad o iki küçük kardeşlerini ve o kızları ne eyledi ? Cevap: O iki kardeşini Tokat'ta hapsetmişti. Getirdi gönül gözlerini açtı. Bursa'da onlara ulûfe tayin etti. Anaları ile birlikte oturdular. Birinin adı Mahmud ve birinin adı Yusuf idi.' Aşıkpaşaoğlu tarihi, 102. 69 'Bu Sultan Mehmed zamanında Bursa'da zelzele oldu. Çok evler ve hamamlar yıkıldı ve çok adamlar öldü. Aşıkpaşaoğlu tarihi, 91. 22
Page 1 and 2: THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
Page 3 and 4: ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 7 and 8: subject is evident, plague has been
Page 9 and 10: also consulted. In view of this cla
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
Page 13 and 14: continents. 15 However, because of
Page 15 and 16: not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that
Page 17 and 18: the disease. 31 During this outbrea
Page 19 and 20: common during winter, whereas the b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
Page 23 and 24: which will be critically examined i
Page 25: contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
Page 29 and 30: The tarih was written as a way to p
Page 31 and 32: 'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
Page 33 and 34: Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
Page 35 and 36: and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
Page 37 and 38: He was captured after Constantinopl
Page 39 and 40: Latin sources The first category of
Page 41 and 42: elatives and friends ensured him of
Page 43 and 44: period of one or more seasons, name
Page 45 and 46: Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
Page 49 and 50: that had happened in these lands, s
Page 51 and 52: "What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64: earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66: of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
Page 69 and 70: Cydones obviously did not appreciat
Page 71 and 72: mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
Page 73 and 74: Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 75 and 76: travels also allowed him to become
Page 77 and 78:
plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80:
epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82:
5.2. Religious response In times of
Page 83 and 84:
in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86:
the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88:
Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90:
were implemented at one time or ano
Page 91 and 92:
Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94:
in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96:
"Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 97 and 98:
quite a few of its regular visitors
Page 99 and 100:
notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
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his people and the Genoese for thei
Page 103 and 104:
death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
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suffered great losses through famin
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In the above example, the Venetians
Page 109 and 110:
while later his brother. They were
Page 111 and 112:
prices did occur four years before
Page 113 and 114:
asis or had indeed any policy at al
Page 115 and 116:
Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
Page 117 and 118:
as to whether the Ottomans systemat
Page 119 and 120:
present as well in the period under
Page 121 and 122:
surprising as both European and Ott
Page 123 and 124:
Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
Page 125 and 126:
-----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
Page 127 and 128:
Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
Page 129 and 130:
Research Centre for Islamic History
Page 131 and 132:
Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136:
Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
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morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
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61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
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incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
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E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
Page 145 and 146:
Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
Page 147 and 148:
MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
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There is an enormous plague outbrea
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... that there, in Constantinople,
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Paragraph over the statement (made)
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a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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