the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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In view of the rapid development and extreme mortality of the disease, it is easy to understand the awe and destruction that the plague outbreaks caused. It is no wonder that a whole panoply of drug preparations as well as more esoteric remedies were used to fight the disease. However, mankind had to await the arrival of antibiotics in the 20th century to be able to treat the disease effectively. In spite of modern medicine, the disease has not been eradicated to this day, with sporadic cases reported to the WHO each year wherever reservoirs of wild animals persist. The most recent occurrence of a plague epidemic took place in India during the 1970's. Plague is essencially a disease of rodents, and especially burrowing rodents. In many parts of the world, the disease has now established itself among this type of mammals and these pockets of presence within the wildlife are called wild foci. Transmission of the disease among the rodents of a colony occurs through cannibalism, wild rodent fleas, and possibly contaminated soil. 11 12 Direct contagion through coughed droplets of the pneumonic version of the disease is the air-borne way to spread the disease. 13 Although the primary hosts of plague are rodents, it can spread to infect many other kinds of mammals including man. Hunting and flea bites 14 are the most obvious scenario for cross-species transmission. Some mammals are especially vulnerable to the disease, such as the roof rat (Rattus rattus), the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and again man. Due to human travelling, wild foci of plague can be now be found around the world on all 11 Also see the WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2 Plague Manual pages 11 and passim. 12 Wendy Orent Plague,The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's most Dangerous Disease, New York: Free Press, 2004, 51, describes the observation of French scientists that when an infected marmot dies in its burrow, it decays and the plague bacteria that survive in the suitable moist and cool environment, lie in wait for another animal to come and live in the burrow. 13 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 29. 14 However, B. Joseph Hinnebusch furthers that the transmission by fleas is inefficient, possibly due to the recent adaptation of this strategy of transmission by Yersinia pestis. See his article The Evolution of Flea-borne Transmission in Yersinia pestis in Yersinia, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Horizon Bioscience, 2004, 49. 7
continents. 15 However, because of climate conditions, certain places do not support reservoirs of wild animals. These include the polar regions, the colder parts of the temperate climate zone, large areas of continuous forest (such as in the tropics) and high mountain ranges. Most importantly, they are absent in Europe. 16 The presence of wild foci is important to understand the historical appearances of plague in human populations. The disease can fester among man for a long time, sometimes regionally, sometimes over continents and then disappear again for some time. However, the presence of infected animals in the wild can at any time kick-start another epidemic. Recently identified wild animal reservoirs that might have played a role in the different pandemics include : - different rodent species in India, - gerbils in the Kurdistan and Hamadan area in Iran, between the River Volga and the Ural, in the Transcaucasian lowlands, in the central Asian desert, - marmots: in the Tian-Shan, a mountainous area of Kazakhstan and Kirgasia, in the Pamir- Altai valley, in Tibet, south of the Himalaya mountain range, in Inner Mongolia. - susliks in the northwestern Caspian region. 17 At present, it is impossible to know when those foci became contaminated with the disease and so it is difficult to assess their possible role with regard to the different pandemics. 18 However, that current wild plague foci are so widespread is not 15 Plague only reached the American continent with ships from Hong Kong during the last pandemic in the 19th century. 16 according to the WHO Plague Manual, pp. 11-12 17 the list is non-exhaustive - for further documentation see WHO Plague Manual pp. 67-84 18 Although Mc Neill in Plagues and People 1998, New York: Anchor Books, 152, asserts that 'Mongol movements across previously isolating distances in all probability brought the bacillus Pasteurella pestis to the rodents of the Eurasian steppe for the first time.' 8
Page 1 and 2: THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
Page 3 and 4: ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 7 and 8: subject is evident, plague has been
Page 9 and 10: also consulted. In view of this cla
Page 11: CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
Page 15 and 16: not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that
Page 17 and 18: the disease. 31 During this outbrea
Page 19 and 20: common during winter, whereas the b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
Page 23 and 24: which will be critically examined i
Page 25 and 26: contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
Page 27 and 28: Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived
Page 29 and 30: The tarih was written as a way to p
Page 31 and 32: 'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
Page 33 and 34: Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
Page 35 and 36: and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
Page 37 and 38: He was captured after Constantinopl
Page 39 and 40: Latin sources The first category of
Page 41 and 42: elatives and friends ensured him of
Page 43 and 44: period of one or more seasons, name
Page 45 and 46: Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
Page 49 and 50: that had happened in these lands, s
Page 51 and 52: "What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64:
earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66:
of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68:
CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
Page 69 and 70:
Cydones obviously did not appreciat
Page 71 and 72:
mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
Page 73 and 74:
Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 75 and 76:
travels also allowed him to become
Page 77 and 78:
plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80:
epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82:
5.2. Religious response In times of
Page 83 and 84:
in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86:
the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88:
Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90:
were implemented at one time or ano
Page 91 and 92:
Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94:
in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96:
"Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 97 and 98:
quite a few of its regular visitors
Page 99 and 100:
notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
Page 101 and 102:
his people and the Genoese for thei
Page 103 and 104:
death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
Page 105 and 106:
suffered great losses through famin
Page 107 and 108:
In the above example, the Venetians
Page 109 and 110:
while later his brother. They were
Page 111 and 112:
prices did occur four years before
Page 113 and 114:
asis or had indeed any policy at al
Page 115 and 116:
Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
Page 117 and 118:
as to whether the Ottomans systemat
Page 119 and 120:
present as well in the period under
Page 121 and 122:
surprising as both European and Ott
Page 123 and 124:
Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
Page 125 and 126:
-----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
Page 127 and 128:
Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
Page 129 and 130:
Research Centre for Islamic History
Page 131 and 132:
Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136:
Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
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morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
Page 139 and 140:
61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
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incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
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E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
Page 145 and 146:
Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
Page 147 and 148:
MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
Page 149 and 150:
There is an enormous plague outbrea
Page 151 and 152:
... that there, in Constantinople,
Page 153 and 154:
Paragraph over the statement (made)
Page 155 and 156:
a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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