the black death in early ottoman territories - Bilkent University

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The recorded outbreaks for the period 1497 – 1533 were as follows: winter 1496-1497: (300/day)Istanbul summer 1497: full epidemic in Istanbul summer-autumn 1500: presence of plague in Istanbul winter 1500-1501: full epidemic in Istanbul summer 1501: full epidemic in Istanbul autumn 1501: (800/day) in Istanbul summer 1502: presence of plague in Istanbul winter 1502-1503: (200/day) in Istanbul (+200/day) in Edirne summer 1503: full epidemic in Istanbul winter 1503-1504: full epidemic in Istanbul and the rest of the country spring 1510: presence of plague in Edirne autumn 1512: (300/day) in Istanbul summer 1513: (300/day) total 60 000 in Istanbul summer 1514: full epidemic in Aleppo plague in the camp of Selim's army autumn 1514: start of outbreak in Istanbul summer 1516: full epidemic in Istanbul and Tessalonica summer of 1518: full epidemic in Istanbul winter 1518-1519: epidemic is abating in Istanbul winter-spring 1519-1520 : full epidemic in Edirne summer 1520 : full epidemic in Edirne, low prevalence in Istanbul summer of 1522: (+1000/day) in Istanbul summer of 1523: (500/day) in Istanbul winter of 1523-1524: presence of plague in Istanbul autumn of 1525: (500/day) in Istanbul winter of 1525-26: epidemic is abating in Istanbul summer of 1526: plague in the camp of the Ottoman army autumn of 1526: presence of plague in Istanbul winter of 1526-1527: presence of plague in Ragusa and Istanbul spring of 1527: increasing epidemic in Istanbul summer of 1527: (200/day) in Istanbul summer of 1529: end of plague in Istanbul summer of 1530: full epidemic in Istanbul spring of 1532: no plague in Istanbul summer - autumn of 1532: full epidemic in Cluino and its villages winter-spring 1533: full epidemic in the Morea summer 1533: full epidemic in the Morea and Ragusa started in the Ottoman army (500/day) in Istanbul 142 In 37 years, there were 17 years of major outbreaks in Istanbul. Important epidemics occurred during four winters, three autumns and ten summers. Mostly, the outbreaks developed anew in winter or autumn after having been absent for a 142 See appendix I for the original texts and translations. 37
period of one or more seasons, namely in 1496, 1500, 1502, 1512, 1519 and 1525. The disease struck especially hard during summer in 1516, 1522, 1523, 1530 and 1533. The plague-free period in between from 1504 until 1512 does not represent a discontinuation of the sources. Sanudo's diaries still show records of letters sent by both Venetian officials and merchants from Istanbul. In view of Venetian measures such as quarantine and the accordance of receptos or health certificates to vessels by Venetian officials it is extremely unlikely that a major outbreak during that period would have gone unnoticed and unrecorded. That the plague outbreak which had become a full epidemic at the end of November 1512 continued unabated throughout the winter and spring of 1513 is supported by an Ottoman document dated in Istanbul on the 25th of May of that year which states that 89 janissaries had died of plague. 143 3.3. Aspects of Terminology According to Hirst, the term "Black Death" for the second pandemic did not refer to the black spots that appeared on the skin of certain plague victims, but the term was introduced in the nineteenth century with 'Black' meaning terrible to convey the horror of the event. 144 . During the pandemic itself, the disease was often euphemistically referred to in several sources as 'the illness', maybe because the term 'plague' provoked too much anxiety. Until the first half of the nineteenth century, most 'fevers' were not clearly differentiated in western medicine. They were considered to be 'eruptive', 'intermittent' or 'remittent'. The cause of the eruptive type of fever was the putrefaction of the humours whereas the other two 143 Document TSMA, nr E. 6155, as quoted from the transcription by Çoşkun and Necdet Yılmaz, eds. Osmanlılarda Sağlık. Vol. II - Arşiv Belgeleri. Istanbul: Biofarma, 2006, 35. 144 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, 32. 38
Page 1 and 2: THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TE
Page 3 and 4: ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLIL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 7 and 8: subject is evident, plague has been
Page 9 and 10: also consulted. In view of this cla
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORI
Page 13 and 14: continents. 15 However, because of
Page 15 and 16: not. 22 Wendy Orent postulates that
Page 17 and 18: the disease. 31 During this outbrea
Page 19 and 20: common during winter, whereas the b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER III HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
Page 23 and 24: which will be critically examined i
Page 25 and 26: contested by Zeynep Korkmaz on the
Page 27 and 28: Ahmedi's Gazavâtname. 64 He lived
Page 29 and 30: The tarih was written as a way to p
Page 31 and 32: 'Hakk-teâlâ gayûr bir pâdişâh
Page 33 and 34: Ottoman ruler and his conquests, bu
Page 35 and 36: and 1460. 106 However, of these, al
Page 37 and 38: He was captured after Constantinopl
Page 39 and 40: Latin sources The first category of
Page 41: elatives and friends ensured him of
Page 45 and 46: Bir hastalık ki halk arasında sar
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND THE DIF
Page 49 and 50: that had happened in these lands, s
Page 51 and 52: "What can we not all say about flie
Page 53 and 54: of Pera in 1453, was to become of g
Page 55 and 56: as Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteş
Page 57 and 58: A possible explanation is that no w
Page 59 and 60: Crete. 209 That the Brachea Chronik
Page 61 and 62: Yusuf's insistence to become a Chri
Page 63 and 64: earthquake that destroyed much of I
Page 65 and 66: of two carboni and a jandusa al sca
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE 5.
Page 69 and 70: Cydones obviously did not appreciat
Page 71 and 72: mention that "... Bursa şehrinde b
Page 73 and 74: Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 75 and 76: travels also allowed him to become
Page 77 and 78: plague on several other occasions,
Page 79 and 80: epidemics, or was at the very least
Page 81 and 82: 5.2. Religious response In times of
Page 83 and 84: in Europe as a response to the epid
Page 85 and 86: the Orthodox believers and many of
Page 87 and 88: Hak te'âlâ'nun fazlı yitişüp k
Page 89 and 90: were implemented at one time or ano
Page 91 and 92: Islamic religious terms, a more pro
Page 93 and 94:
in heaven's name not to touch the c
Page 95 and 96:
"Ve dahi ol yılda Bursa'da tâ'un-
Page 97 and 98:
quite a few of its regular visitors
Page 99 and 100:
notables of Cairo transferred. Whil
Page 101 and 102:
his people and the Genoese for thei
Page 103 and 104:
death toll to 160 000 or about 1300
Page 105 and 106:
suffered great losses through famin
Page 107 and 108:
In the above example, the Venetians
Page 109 and 110:
while later his brother. They were
Page 111 and 112:
prices did occur four years before
Page 113 and 114:
asis or had indeed any policy at al
Page 115 and 116:
Bertrandon de la Brocquière fulfil
Page 117 and 118:
as to whether the Ottomans systemat
Page 119 and 120:
present as well in the period under
Page 121 and 122:
surprising as both European and Ott
Page 123 and 124:
Primary Sources unpublished Ottoman
Page 125 and 126:
-----.Les Regestes des Actes du Pat
Page 127 and 128:
Tafur, Pero. 1926. Pero Tafur: Trav
Page 129 and 130:
Research Centre for Islamic History
Page 131 and 132:
Columbia University Press, 2004. Sc
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX I ENTRIES FROM THE DIARY O
Page 135 and 136:
Da Sybinicho, fo leto una lettera,
Page 137 and 138:
morto do fioli da peste, pur Idio l
Page 139 and 140:
61. vol. 28, col. 232 Da Constantin
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incolorò, dove la saltò la peste,
Page 143 and 144:
E venuto nova il magnifico Perì Ba
Page 145 and 146:
Idem, by two slaves who escaped fro
Page 147 and 148:
MDX, APRILE (April 1510) 27. vol. 1
Page 149 and 150:
There is an enormous plague outbrea
Page 151 and 152:
... that there, in Constantinople,
Page 153 and 154:
Paragraph over the statement (made)
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a carbuncle, which is a sort of gia
Page 157:
From Constantinople, from sir Piero
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